Indonesia

Republic of IndonesiaRepublik Indonesia

republicIndependence 17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence

Indonesia as the 1995 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 82 fields, one of 36 editions from 1990 to 2025.

field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe open editionEach field below ends in its editions, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down.

CapitalJakarta

Area1,919,440 sq km

LocationSoutheastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and

Populationas each edition published it

203.58 million July 1995 est. · 190.14m in 1990

Population growth% a year

1.56% 1995 est. · 1.61% in 1993

Median ageyears

Not in this edition 25.8 yrs in 2003

Life expectancyyears at birth

61.22 years 1995 est. · 60.26 yrs in 1993

Fertility ratechildren per woman

2.74 children per woman 1995 est. · 3.1 in 1990

Infant mortalitydeaths per 1,000 live births

65 deaths per 1,000 live births 1995 est. · 75 in 1990

GDP per capitaeach edition's own dollars

$3,090 1994 est. · $680 in 1993

GDP real growth% a year

6.7% 1994 est. · 6% in 1993

Geography

Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and | the Pacific Ocean

14 fields

Land useshare of 1,919,440 sq km

arable land 8%permanent crops 3%meadows and pastures 7%forest and woodland 67%other 15%irrigated 75,500 sq km (1989 est.)

Area

1,919,440sq km

land area: 1,826,440 sq kmcomparative area: slightly less than three times the size of Texas

Coastline

54,716km

Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic baselinesexclusive economic zone: 200 nmterritorial sea: 12 nm

Land boundaries

2,602km

total · Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km

Location

Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean

International disputes

sovereignty over Timor Timur (East Timor Province) disputed with Portugal and not recognized by the UN; two islands in dispute with Malaysia

Climate

tropical;
hot, humid;
more moderate in highlands

Terrain

mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains

Natural resources

petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver

Environment

current issues:: deforestation;
water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage;
air pollution in urban areas
natural hazards:: occasional floods, severe droughts, and tsunamis
international agreements:: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands;
signed, but not ratified - Desertification, Marine Life Conservation, Tropical Timber 94

Note

archipelago of 13,500 islands (6,000 inhabited);
straddles Equator;
strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean

People

15 fields

Population

203,583,886

(July 1995 est.)growth rate: 1.56% (1995 est.)

Per 1,000 population(1995 est.)

Birth

24.06Death

8.48Net migration

Male · female(1995 est.)

TotalMale · femaleLife expectancy years61.22

59.13 · 63.42

TotalMale · femaleLiteracy82%

88% · 75%

MaleFemaleLiteracy age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

Ethnic divisions

Javanese 45%Sundanese 14%Madurese 7.5%coastal Malays 7.5%other 26%

Religions(1985)

Muslim 87%Protestant 6%Roman Catholic 3%Hindu 2%Buddhist 1%other 1% (1985)

Labor force

67million

by occupation: agriculture 55%, manufacturing 10%, construction 4%, transport and communications 3% (1985 est.)

Age structure

0-14 years:: 32% (female 32,548,039; male 33,485,810)
15-64 years:: 64% (female 65,394,816; male 64,914,362)
65 years and over:: 4% (female 4,027,367; male 3,213,492) (July 1995 est.)

Nationality

noun:: Indonesian(s)
adjective:: Indonesian

Languages

Bahasa Indonesia (modified form of Malay; official), English, Dutch, local dialects the most widely spoken of which is Javanese

Government

Republic

21 fields

Presidential electionpercent of vote

68%

GOLKAR 68%PPP 17%PDI 15%

Legislature, 400 seatsseats by party

(500 total, 400 elected, 100 military representatives appointed) GOLKAR 282PPP 62PDI 56

Names

conventional long form:: Republic of Indonesia
conventional short form:: Indonesia
local long form:: Republik Indonesia
local short form:: Indonesia
former:: Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East Indies

Administrative divisions

24 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular - propinsi), 2 special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota);
Aceh*, Bali, Bengkulu, Irian Jaya, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Lampung, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Riau, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Timor Timur, Yogyakarta*

Independence

17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence; on 27 December 1949, Indonesia became legally independent from the Netherlands)

Constitution

August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959

Legal system

based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures code; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage

17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age

Executive branch

chief of state and head of government:: President Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO (since 27 March 1968); Vice President Gen. (Ret.) Try SUTRISNO (since 11 March 1993)
cabinet:: Cabinet

House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat or DPR)

elections last held on 8 June 1992 (next to be held NA 1997);
results - GOLKAR 68%, PPP 17%, PDI 15%;
seats - (500 total, 400 elected, 100 military representatives appointed) GOLKAR 282, PPP 62, PDI 56

note: the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) includes the DPR plus 500 indirectly elected members who meet every five years to elect the president and vice president and,

theoretically, to determine national policy

Judicial branch

Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung)

Political parties and leaders

GOLKAR (quasi-official party based on functional groups), Lt. Gen. (Ret.) HARMOKO, general chairman;
Indonesia Democracy Party (PDI - federation of former Nationalist and Christian Parties), Megawati SUKARNOPUTRI, chairman;
Development Unity Party (PPP, federation of former Islamic parties), Ismail Hasan METAREUM, chairman

Member of

APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, NAM, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIH, UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US

chief of mission:: Ambassador Arifin Mohamad SIREGAR
chancery:: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone:: [1] (202) 775-5200

FAX

[1] (202) 775-5365; consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco

US diplomatic representation

chief of mission:: Ambassador Robert L. BARRY
embassy:: Medan Merdeka Selatan 5, Box 1, Jakarta
mailing address:: APO AP 96520
telephone:: [62] (21) 360360

FAX

[62] (21) 3862259; consulate(s) general: Medan, Surabaya

Flag

two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white;
similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter;
also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red

Economy

Indonesia is a mixed economy with some socialist | institutions and central planning but with a recent emphasis on | deregulation and private enterprise.

19 fields

GDP per capita, PPP

$3,090

(1994 est.)

Real growth rate

6.7%

(1994 est.)industrial production growth: growth rate 8.4% (1993 est.); accounts for 40% of GDP

Inflation, consumer prices

9.3%

(1994 est.)

Unemployment rate

3%official rate

underemployment 40% (1994 est.)

Budget

Revenues

$32.8 billionExpenditures

$32.8 billion

expenditures including capital expenditures of $12.9 billion (FY94/95)

Installed generating capacity, 12,100,000 kW

Electricity production

44 billionElectricity consumption per capita

207 (1993)

Overview

Indonesia is a mixed economy with some socialist institutions and central planning but with a recent emphasis on deregulation and private enterprise. Indonesia has extensive natural wealth, yet, with a large and rapidly increasing population, it remains a rather poor country. Real GDP growth in 1985-94 averaged about 6%, quite impressive, but not sufficient to both slash underemployment and absorb the 2.3 million workers annually entering the labor force.

Agriculture, including forestry and fishing, is an important sector, accounting for 21% of GDP and over 50% of the labor force. The staple crop is rice. Once the world's largest rice importer, Indonesia is now nearly self-sufficient. Plantation crops - rubber and palm oil - and textiles and plywood are being encouraged for both export and job generation.

Industrial output now accounts for almost 40% of GDP and is based on a supply of diverse natural resources, including crude oil, natural gas, timber, metals, and coal. Foreign investment has also boosted manufacturing output and exports in recent years. Indeed, the economy's growth is highly dependent on the continuing expansion of nonoil exports.

Japan remains Indonesia's most important customer and supplier of aid. Rapid growth in the money supply in 1989-90 prompted Jakarta to implement a tight monetary policy in 1991, forcing the private sector to go to foreign banks for investment financing. Real interest rates remained above 10% and off-shore commercial debt grew.

The growth in off-shore debt prompted Jakarta to limit foreign borrowing beginning in late 1991. Despite the continued problems in moving toward a more open financial system and the persistence of a fairly tight credit situation, GDP growth in 1992-94 has matched the government target of 6%-7% annual growth.

National product

GDP - purchasing power parity - $619.4 billion (1994 est.)

Exports

$41.3 billion (f.o.b, 1994 est.)

commodities:: manufactures 56.7%, fuels 24.8%, foodstuffs 11.1%, raw materials 7.4% (1994 est.)
partners:: Japan 30%, US 14%, Singapore 9%, South Korea 6%, Taiwan 4% (1993)

Imports

$31.4 billion (f.o.b., 1994 est.)

commodities:: capital equipment 44.2%, intermed and raw materials 37.0%, consumer goods 11.5%, fuels 7.2% (1994 est.)
partners:: Japan 22%, US 11%, South Korea 7%, Germany 7%, Singapore 6%, Australia 5%, Taiwan 5% (1993)

External debt

$87 billion (1994)

Industries

petroleum and natural gas, textiles, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, food, rubber

Agriculture

accounts for 21% of GDP;
subsistence food production;
small-holder and plantation production for export;
main products are rice, cassava, peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra, other tropical products, poultry, beef, pork, eggs

Illicit drugs

illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade, but not a major player;
government actively eradicating plantings and prosecuting traffickers;
growing role as transshipment point for Golden Triangle heroin;
increasing indigenous methamphetamine abuse

Economic aid

recipient:: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $4.4 billion;
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $25.9 billion;
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $213 million;
Communist countries (1970-89), $175 million

Currency

1 Indonesian rupiah (Rp) = 100 sen (sen no longer used)

Exchange rates

Indonesian rupiahs (Rp) per US$1 - 2,203.6 (January 1995), 2,160.7 (1994), 2,087.1 (1993), 2,029.9 (1992), 1,950.3 (1991), 1,842.8 (1990)

Fiscal year

1 April - 31 March

Transportation

7 fields

Airports by runway lengthpaved left, unpaved right · 450 in all

over 3,047 m

2,438 to 3,047 m

1,524 to 2,437 m

914 to 1,523 m

324

under 914 m

1,524 to 2,438 m

PavedUnpaved

Networkskm

Highways

119,500Railroads

6,964Inland waterways

21,579

Highways: paved: NA · unpaved: NA · undifferentiated: provincial 34,180 km; district 73,508 km; state 11,812 km · Railroads: narrow gauge: 6,389 km 1.067-m gauge (101 km electrified; 101 km double track); 497 km 0.750-m gauge; 78 km 0.600-m gauge · Inland waterways: ; Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460 km, Celebes 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km

Railroads

total:: 6,964 km
narrow gauge:: 6,389 km 1.067-m gauge (101 km electrified; 101 km double track);
497 km 0.750-m gauge;
78 km 0.600-m gauge

Highways

total:: 119,500 km
paved:: NA
unpaved:: NA
undifferentiated:: provincial 34,180 km;
district 73,508 km;
state 11,812 km

total:: 438 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,942,527 GRT/2,818,296 DWT
ships by type:: bulk 26, cargo 259, chemical tanker 7, container 11, liquefied gas tanker 6, livestock carrier 1, oil tanker 85, passenger 6, passenger-cargo 12, roll-on/roll-off cargo 7, short-sea passenger 7, specialized tanker 7, vehicle carrier 4

Communications

3 fields

Telephone system

763,000 telephones (1986); domestic service fair, international service good

local:: NA
intercity:: interisland microwave system and HF police net; 1 earth station for a domestic satellite
international:: 2 INTELSAT (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean) earth stations