Indonesia

Republic of Indonesia

republicIndependence 17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence

Indonesia as the 1997 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 100 fields, one of 36 editions from 1990 to 2025.

field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe open editionEach field below ends in its editions, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down.

CapitalJakarta

Position5 00 S, 120 00 E

Area1,919,440 sq km

LocationSoutheastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and

Populationas each edition published it

209.77 million July 1997 est. · 190.14m in 1990

Population growth% a year

1.51% 1997 est. · 1.61% in 1993

Median ageyears

Not in this edition 25.8 yrs in 2003

Life expectancyyears at birth

62.06 years 1997 est. · 60.26 yrs in 1993

Fertility ratechildren per woman

2.66 children per woman 1997 est. · 3.1 in 1990

Infant mortalitydeaths per 1,000 live births

61.2 deaths per 1,000 live births 1997 est. · 75 in 1990

GDP per capitaeach edition's own dollars

$3,770 1996 est. · $680 in 1993

GDP real growth% a year

7% 1996 est. · 6% in 1993

Geography

Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and | the Pacific Ocean

18 fields

Area

1,919,440sq km

land: 1,826,440 sq kmwater: 93,000 sq kmslightly less than three times the size of Texas

Coastline

54,716km

Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic baselinesexclusive economic zone : 200 nmterritorial sea: 12 nm

Highest point

5,030m

Puncak Jayalowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

Land boundaries

2,602km

border countries: Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km

Location

Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean

Climate

tropical;
hot, humid;
more moderate in highlands

Terrain

mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains

Natural resources

petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver

Land use

arable land:: 10%
permanent crops:: 7%
permanent pastures:: 7%
forests and woodland :: 62%
other:: 14% (1993 est.)

Natural hazards

occasional floods, severe droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes

Environment - current issues

deforestation;
water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage;
air pollution in urban areas

Environment - international agreements

party to:: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified:: Desertification, Marine Life Conservation

Geography - note

archipelago of 17,000 islands (6,000 inhabited);
straddles Equator;
strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean

People

15 fields

Population

209,774,138

(July 1997 est.)growth rate: 1.51% (1997 est.)

Per 1,000 population(1997 est.)

Birth

23.39Death

8.3Net migration

Male · female

TotalMale · femaleLife expectancy years (1997 est.)62.06

59.89 · 64.34

TotalMale · femaleLiteracy (1995 est.)83.8%

89.6% · 78%

MaleFemaleLiteracy definition: age 15 and over can read and write

Ethnic groups

Javanese 45%Sundanese 14%Madurese 7.5%coastal Malays 7.5%other 26%

Religions(1985)

Muslim 87%Protestant 6%Roman Catholic 3%Hindu 2%Buddhist 1%other 1% (1985)

Age structure

0-14 years : 31% (male 33,313,149; female 32,367,905)

15-64 years:: 65% (male 67,824,993; female 68,226,617)
65 years and over:: 4% (male 3,557,886; female 4,483,588) (July 1997 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth:: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years :: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years:: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over:: 0.79 male(s)/female
total population:: 1 male(s)/female (1997 est.)

Infant mortality rate

61.2 deaths/1,000 live births (1997 est.)

Nationality

noun:: Indonesian(s)
adjective:: Indonesian

Languages

Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese

Government

Republic; President Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO (since 27 March 1968) and Vice President Gen. (Ret.) Try SUTRISNO (since 11 March 1993); President Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO (since 27 March 1968) and Vice President Gen. (Ret.) Try SUTRISNO (since 11 March 1993)

20 fields

Presidential electionpercent of vote

68%

Golkar 68%PPP 17%PDI 15%last held 8 June 1992 (next scheduled for 29 May 1997)

Legislature, 400 seats, elected 8 June 1992seats by party

Golkar 282PPP 62PDI 56

Percent of vote

Golkar 68%PPP 17%PDI 15%

Country name

conventional long form:: Republic of Indonesia
conventional short form:: Indonesia
local long form :: Republik Indonesia
local short form:: Indonesia
former:: Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East Indies

Data code

Government type

republic

National capital

Jakarta

Administrative divisions

24 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular - propinsi), 2 special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota);
Aceh*, Bali, Bengkulu, Irian Jaya, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Lampung, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Riau, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Timor Timur, Yogyakarta*

Independence

17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence; on 27 December 1949, Indonesia became legally independent from the Netherlands)

National holiday

Independence Day, 17 August (1945)

Constitution

August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959

Legal system

based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures code; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage

17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age

Executive branch

chief of state:: President Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO (since 27 March 1968) and Vice President Gen. (Ret.) Try SUTRISNO (since 11 March 1993);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government:: President Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO (since 27 March 1968) and Vice President Gen. (Ret.) Try SUTRISNO (since 11 March 1993);
note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet:: Cabinet
elections:: president and vice president elected by consensus by the People's Consultative Assembly for five-year terms;
election last held 11 March 1993 (next to be held NA March 1998)
election results :: Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO elected president by consensus by the People's Consultative Assembly;
Gen. (Ret.) Try SUTRISNO elected vice president by consensus by the People's Consultative Assembly

Legislative branch

unicameral House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) (500 seats; 400 elected by popular vote, 100 are appointed military representatives; members serve five-year terms; note - beginning with the elections in May 1997, the composition of the DPR will change to 425 elected representatives and 75 appointed representatives)

elections:: last held 8 June 1992 (next scheduled for 29 May 1997)
election results:: percent of vote by party - Golkar 68%, PPP 17%, PDI 15%; seats by party - Golkar 282, PPP 62, PDI 56

note: the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) includes the DPR plus 500 indirectly selected members; it meets every five years to elect the president and vice president and to approve the broad outlines of national policy

Judicial branch

Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung), the judges are appointed by the president

Political parties and leaders

Golkar (de facto ruling political party based on functional groups), HARMOKO, general chairman;
Indonesia Democracy Party (PDI - federation of former Nationalist and Christian Parties), SOERJADI, chairman;
Development Unity Party (PPP, federation of former Islamic parties), Ismail Hasan METAREUM, chairman

International organization participation

APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, Mekong Group, NAM, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIBH, UNMOP, UNOMIG, UNPREDEP, UNTAES, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission:: Ambassador Arifin Mohamad SIREGAR
chancery:: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone:: [1] (202) 775-5200

FAX

[1] (202) 775-5365; consulate(s) general : Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission:: Ambassador J. Stapleton ROY
embassy:: Medan Merdeka Selatan 5, Jakarta
mailing address:: Unit 8129, Box 1, APO AP 96520
telephone :: [62] (21) 344-2211

FAX

[62] (21) 386-2259; consulate(s) general: Surabaya

Flag description

two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white;
similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter;
also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red

Economy

22 fields

Real growth rate

(1996 est.)industrial production growth: 13.9% (1995 est.)

Inflation, consumer prices

(1996 est.)

Unemployment rate

3%official rate

underemployment 40% (1994 est.)

Labor force

67million

by occupation: agriculture 55%, manufacturing 10%, construction 4%, transport and communications 3%, other 28% (1985 est.)

GDP - composition by sector(1995 est.)

agriculture 17%industry 42%services 41% (1995 est.)

Budget

Revenues

$41.5 billionExpenditures

$41.5 billion

expenditures including capital expenditures of $16 billion (FY97/98 est.)

Economy - overview

Indonesia's sound macroeconomic management, combined with an emphasis on rapid deregulation and encouragement of private investment resulted in real GDP growth in 1991-96 averaging about 7%. This was impressive, but not sufficient to cut underemployment while absorbing the 2.3 million workers annually entering the labor force.

Foreign investment has boosted manufacturing output and exports in recent years. The economy's growth is driven by continuing expansion of nonoil exports. Plantation crops - rubber and palm oil - and textiles and plywood are being encouraged for both export and job generation. Industrial output is based on diverse natural resources, including crude oil, natural gas, timber, metals, and coal.

Japan remains Indonesia's most important customer and supplier of aid. Growth in 1996 was led by industry, transport, and tourism. Strong growth should continue in 1997 assuming no sharp rise in political uncertainty.

GDP

purchasing power parity - $779.7 billion (1996 est.)

GDP - per capita

purchasing power parity - $3,770 (1996 est.)

Industries

petroleum and natural gas, textiles, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, food, rubber; tourism

Electricity - capacity

16.27 million kW (1994)

Electricity - production

58.31 billion kWh (1994)

Electricity - consumption per capita

276 kWh (1995 est.)

Agriculture - products

rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra, other tropical products; poultry, beef, pork, eggs

Exports

total value:: $49.8 billion (f.o.b., 1996)
commodities:: manufactures 51.9%, fuels 26.4%, foodstuffs 12.7%, raw materials 9.0%
partners:: Japan 27.1%, US 13.9%, Singapore 8.3%, South Korea 6.4%, Taiwan 3.9%, China 3.8%, Hong Kong 3.6% (1995)

Imports

total value :: $42.9 billion (f.o.b., 1996)
commodities:: manufactures 75.3%, raw materials 9.0%, foodstuffs 7.8%, fuels 7.7%
partners:: Japan 22.7%, US 11.7%, Germany 6.9%, South Korea 6.0%, Singapore 5.8%, Australia 5.0%, Taiwan 4.5% (1995)

Debt - external

$110 billion (yearend 1996 est.)

Economic aid

recipient: ODA, $5.5 billion (FY97/98 est.)

Currency

Indonesian rupiah (Rp)

Exchange rates

Indonesian rupiahs (Rp) per US$1 - 2,393.0 (January 1997), 2,342.3 (1996), 2,248.6 (1995), 2,160.8 (1994), 2,087.1 (1993), 2,029.9 (1992)

Fiscal year

1 April - 31 March

Communications

6 fields

Fixed lines

1,276,600

(1993 est.)

Telephone system

domestic service fair, international service good

domestic:: interisland microwave system and HF radio police net; domestic satellite communications system
international:: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations

AM 618, FM 38, shortwave 0

Radios

28.1 million (1992 est.)

Television broadcast stations

Televisions

11.5 million (1992 est.)

Transportation

10 fields

Merchant marine, 465 ships by type(1996 est.)

bulk 30cargo 267chemical tanker 8container 9liquefied gas tanker 5livestock carrier 1oil tanker 102passenger 6passenger-cargo 12roll-on/roll-off cargo 8short-sea passenger 6specialized tanker 7vehicle carrier 4

Airports by runway lengthpaved only

under 914 m

297

over 3,047 m: 4 2,438 to 3,047 m: 10 1,524 to 2,437 m: 36 914 to 1,523 m: 39

Networkskm

Railways

6,458Waterways

21,579

Railways: narrow gauge: 5,961 km 1.067-m gauge (101 km electrified; 101 km double track); 497 km 0.750-m gauge (1995) · Waterways: ; Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460 km, Celebes 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km