Indonesia

Republic of IndonesiaRepublik Indonesia

republicIndependence 17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence

Indonesia as the 2003 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 126 fields, one of 36 editions from 1990 to 2025.

field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe open editionEach field below ends in its editions, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down.

CapitalJakarta
Position5 00 S, 120 00 E
Area1,919,440 sq km
LocationSoutheastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean
2003

Every edition of Indonesia

Populationas each edition published it
234.89 million July 2003 est. · 190.14m in 1990
Population growth% a year
1.52% 2003 est. · 1.61% in 1993
Median ageyears
25.8 years 2002 · 31.8 yrs in 2025
Life expectancyyears at birth
68.94 years 2003 est. · 60.26 yrs in 1993
Fertility ratechildren per woman
2.5 children per woman 2003 est. · 3.1 in 1990
Infant mortalitydeaths per 1,000 live births
38.09 deaths per 1,000 live births 2003 est. · 75 in 1990
GDP per capitaeach edition's own dollars
$3,100 2002 est. · $680 in 1993
GDP real growth% a year
3.7% 2002 est. · 6% in 1993

Introduction

1 field

Background

Indonesia is the world's largest archipelago; it achieved independence from the Netherlands in 1949. Current issues include: alleviating widespread poverty, implementing IMF-mandated reforms of the banking sector, effecting a transition to a popularly-elected government after four decades of authoritarianism, addressing charges of cronyism and corruption, holding the military and police accountable for human rights violations, and resolving growing separatist pressures in Aceh and Papua.

Geography

Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean

18 fields

Land useshare of 1,919,440 sq km

arable land 9.9%permanent crops 7.2%other 82.9% (1998 est.)irrigated 48,150 sq km (1998 est.)
Area
1,919,440sq km
water: 93,000 sq kmland: 1,826,440 sq kmslightly less than three times the size of Texas
Coastline
54,716km
Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic baselinesexclusive economic zone: 200 NMterritorial sea: 12 NM
Highest point
5,030m
Puncak Jayalowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
Land boundaries
2,830km
border countries: East Timor 228 km, Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km

Location

Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean

Geographic coordinates

5 00 S, 120 00 E

Map references

Southeast Asia

Climate

  • tropical;
  • hot, humid;
  • more moderate in highlands

Terrain

mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains

Natural resources

petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver

Natural hazards

occasional floods, severe droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes, volcanoes, forest fires

Environment - current issues

  • deforestation;
  • water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage;
  • air pollution in urban areas;
  • smoke and haze from forest fires

Environment - international agreements

party to:
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified:
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Marine Life Conservation

Geography - note

  • archipelago of more than 17,000 islands (6,000 inhabited);
  • straddles Equator;
  • strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean

People

19 fields
Population
234,893,453
(July 2003 est.)growth rate: 1.52% (2003 est.)

Per 1,000 population(2003 est.)

Birth
21.49Death
6.26Net migration
0

Male · female

TotalMale · femaleLife expectancy years (2003 est.)68.94
66.54 · 71.47Infant mortality deaths/1,000 live births (2003 est.)38.09
43.5 · 32.4
TotalMale · femaleLiteracy (2003 est.)88.5%
92.9% · 84.1%Median age years (2002)25.8
25.4 · 26.2
MaleFemaleLiteracy definition: age 15 and over can read and write

Ethnic groups

Javanese 45%Sundanese 14%Madurese 7.5%coastal Malays 7.5%other 26%

Religions(1998)

Muslim 88%Protestant 5%Roman Catholic 3%Hindu 2%Buddhist 1%other 1% (1998)

Age structure

0-14 years:
29.7% (male 35,437,274; female 34,232,824)
15-64 years:
65.4% (male 76,743,613; female 76,845,245)
65 years and over:
4.9% (male 5,086,465; female 6,548,032) (2003 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth:
1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years:
1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years:
1 male(s)/female
65 years and over:
0.78 male(s)/female
total population:
1 male(s)/female (2003 est.)

Total fertility rate

2.5 children born/woman (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

4,600 (2001 est.)

Nationality

noun:
Indonesian(s)
adjective:
Indonesian

Languages

Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects, the most widely spoken of which is Javanese

Government

Republic; President MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri (since 23 July 2001) and Vice President Hamzah HAZ (since 26 July 2001); President MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri (since 23 July 2001) and Vice President Hamzah HAZ (since 26 July 2001)

18 fields

Presidential electionpercent of vote

37.4%
PDI-P 37.4%Golkar 20.9%PKB 17.4%PPP 10.7%PAN 7.3%PBB 1.8%other 4.5%last held 7 June 1999 (next to be held April 2004)

Legislature, 462 seats, elected 7 June 1999seats by party

PDI-P 154Golkar 120PPP 58PKB 51PAN 35PBB 14other 30

Percent of vote

PDI-P 37.4%Golkar 20.9%PKB 17.4%PPP 10.7%PAN 7.3%PBB 1.8%other 4.5%

Country name

conventional long form:
Republic of Indonesia
conventional short form:
Indonesia
local long form:
Republik Indonesia
former:
Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East Indies
local short form:
Indonesia

Capital

Jakarta

Administrative divisions

  • 27 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular - propinsi), 2 special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota);
  • Aceh*, Bali, Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Kepulauan Bangka Belitung, Lampung, Maluku, Maluku Utara, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Papua, Riau, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Yogyakarta*;
  • note - with the implementation of decentralization on 1 January 2001, the 357 districts (regencies) have become the key administrative units responsible for providing most government services

note: following the 30 August 1999 provincial referendum for independence that was overwhelmingly approved by the people of Timor Timur and the October 1999 concurrence of Indonesia's national legislature,

the name East Timor was adopted as the provisional name for the political entity formerly known as Propinsi Timor Timur; East Timor gained its formal independence on 20 May 2002

Independence

17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence; on 27 December 1949, Indonesia became legally independent from the Netherlands)

National holiday

Independence Day, 17 August (1945)

Constitution

August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959

Suffrage

17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age

Executive branch

chief of state:
  • President MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri (since 23 July 2001) and Vice President Hamzah HAZ (since 26 July 2001);
  • note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government:
  • President MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri (since 23 July 2001) and Vice President Hamzah HAZ (since 26 July 2001);
  • note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet:
Cabinet appointed by the president
elections:
  • president and vice president elected separately by the People's Consultative Assembly or MPR for five-year terms;
  • selection of president last held 23 July 2001;
  • selection of vice president last held 26 July 2001;
  • next election to be held in July 2004;
  • in accordance with constitutional changes, the election of the president and vice president will be by direct vote of the citizenry

note: the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) includes the House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat or DPR) plus 195 indirectly selected members;

it meets every five years to elect the president and vice president and to approve broad outlines of national policy and also has yearly meetings to consider constitutional and legislative changes; constitutional amendments adopted in 2001 and 2002 provide for the MPR to be restructured in 2004 and to consist entirely of popularly-elected members who will be in the DPR and the new House of Regional Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah or DPD); the MPR will no longer formulate national policy

election results:
  • MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri elected president, receiving 591 votes in favor (91 abstentions);
  • Hamzah HAZ elected vice president, receiving 340 votes in favor (237 against)

Legislative branch

unicameral House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) (500 seats; 462 elected by popular vote, 38 are appointed military representatives until 2004 election when military seats expire; members serve five-year terms)

election results:
  • percent of vote by party - PDI-P 37.4%, Golkar 20.9%, PKB 17.4%, PPP 10.7%, PAN 7.3%, PBB 1.8%, other 4.5%;
  • seats by party - PDI-P 154, Golkar 120, PPP 58, PKB 51, PAN 35, PBB 14, other 30;
  • note - subsequent to the election, there has been a change in the distribution of seats;
  • the new distribution is: PDI-P 153, Golkar 120, PPP 58, PKB 51, PAN 35, PBB 13, other 32
elections:
last held 7 June 1999 (next to be held April 2004)

Judicial branch

  • Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung (justices appointed by the president from a list of candidates approved by the legislature);
  • note - the Supreme Court is preparing to assume administrative responsibility for the lower court system, currently run by the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights;
  • a separate Constitutional Court was invested by the president on 16 August 2003

Political parties and leaders

  • Crescent Moon and Star Party or PBB [Yusril Ihza MAHENDRA, chairman];
  • Federation of Functional Groups or Golkar [Akbar TANDJUNG, general chairman];
  • Indonesia Democracy Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri, chairperson];
  • National Awakening Party or PKB [Alwi SHIHAB, chairman];
  • National Mandate Party or PAN [Amien RAIS, chairman];
  • Prosperous Justice Party or PKS [Hidayat NUR WAHID, chairman];
  • United Development Party or PPP (federation of former Islamic parties) [Hamzah HAZ, chairman]

International organization participation

APEC, ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, MONUC, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNMIBH, UNMOP, UNMOT, UNOMIG, UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission:
Ambassador SOEMADI Brotodiningrat
chancery:
2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
consulate(s) general:
Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco
FAX:
[1] (202) 775-5365
telephone:
[1] (202) 775-5200

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission:
Ambassador Ralph L. BOYCE
embassy:
Jalan 1 Medan Merdeka Selatan 3-5, Jakarta 10110
mailing address:
Unit 8129, Box 1, FPO AP 96520
telephone:
[62] (21) 3435-9000
FAX:
[62] (21) 385-7189
consulate(s) general:
Surabaya

Flag description

  • two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white;
  • similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter;
  • also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red

Economy

43 fields
Real growth rate
3.7%
(2002 est.)industrial production growth: 4.9% (2002 est.)
Unemployment rate
10.6%
(2002 est.)

GDP - composition by sector(2001 est.)

agriculture 17%industry 41%services 42% (2001 est.)

Trading partnersexports left, imports right

21.1%
Japan
14.1%
13.2%
US
8.5%
9.4%
Singapore
13.1%
5.1%
China
7.8%
7.2%
South Korea
5.3%
4.2%
Taiwan
5.1%
Australia
5.1%
Exports $52.3 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)Imports $32.1 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)(2002)

Budget

Revenues
$26 billionExpenditures
$30 billion (2000 est.)
expenditures including capital expenditures of $NA

Electricity

fossil fuel 86.9%hydro 10.5%other 2.5% (2001)nuclear 0%
Electricity production
95.78 billion (2001)Electricity consumption
89.08 billion (2001)

Economy - overview

Indonesia, a vast polyglot nation, faces severe economic development problems stemming from secessionist movements and the low level of security in the regions; the lack of reliable legal recourse in contract disputes; corruption; weaknesses in the banking system; and strained relations with the IMF. Investor confidence will remain low and few new jobs will be created under these circumstances.

In November 2001, Indonesia agreed with the IMF on a series of economic reforms in 2002, thus enabling further IMF disbursements. Negotiations with the IMF and bilateral donors continued in 2002. Keys to future growth remain internal reform, the build-up of the confidence of international donors and investors, and a strong comeback in the global economy.

GDP

purchasing power parity - $714.2 billion (2002 est.)

GDP - per capita

purchasing power parity - $3,100 (2002 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%:
4%
highest 10%:
26.7% (1999)

Labor force

99 million (1999)

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture 45%, industry 16%, services 39% (1999 est.)

Industries

  • petroleum and natural gas;
  • textiles, apparel, and footwear;
  • mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood;
  • rubber;
  • food;
  • tourism

Oil - production

1.451 million bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - consumption

1.045 million bbl/day (2001 est.)

Oil - exports

NA (2001)

Oil - imports

NA (2001)

Oil - proved reserves

7.083 billion bbl (37257)

Natural gas - production

69 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - consumption

36.2 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - exports

32.8 billion cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2001 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

2.549 trillion cu m (37257)

Agriculture - products

rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra; poultry, beef, pork, eggs

Exports

$52.3 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Exports - commodities

oil and gas, electrical appliances, plywood, textiles, rubber

Imports

$32.1 billion f.o.b. (2002 est.)

Imports - commodities

machinery and equipment; chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs

Debt - external

$131 billion (2002 est.)

Economic aid - recipient

$43 billion from IMF program and other official external financing (1997-2000)

Currency

Indonesian rupiah (IDR)

Exchange rates

Indonesian rupiahs per US dollar - 9,311.19 (2002), 10,260.8 (2001), 8,421.77 (2000), 7,855.15 (1999), 10,013.6 (1998)

Fiscal year

calendar year; note - previously was 1 April - 31 March, but starting with 2001, has been changed to calendar year

Communications

8 fields
Mobile cellular
1.07 million
(1998)
Fixed lines
5,588,310
(1998) · country code .id

Telephone system

general assessment:
domestic service fair, international service good
domestic:
interisland microwave system and HF radio police net; domestic satellite communications system
international:
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations

AM 678, FM 43, shortwave 82 (1998)

Internet users

4.4 million (2002)

Transportation

10 fields

Airports by runway lengthpaved left, unpaved right

4
over 3,047 m
12
2,438 to 3,047 m
48
914 to 1,523 m
25
43
under 914 m
450
46
1,524 to 2,437 m
3
Paved 153Unpaved 478

Networkskm

Highways
342,700Railways
6,458Waterways
21,579
Highways: paved: 158,670 km · unpaved: 184,030 km (1999 est.) · Railways: narrow gauge: 5,961 km 1.067-m gauge (125 km electrified); 497 km 0.750-m gauge (2002) · Waterways: note: Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460 km, Sulawesi (Celebes) 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km

Railways

total:
6,458 km
narrow gauge:
5,961 km 1.067-m gauge (125 km electrified); 497 km 0.750-m gauge (2002)

Highways

total:
342,700 km
paved:
158,670 km
unpaved:
184,030 km (1999 est.)

Waterways

21,579 km total note: Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460 km, Sulawesi (Celebes) 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km

Pipelines

  • condensate 672 km;
  • condensate/gas 125 km;
  • gas 8,183 km;
  • oil 7,429 km;
  • oil/gas/water 66 km;
  • refined products 1,329 km;
  • water 72 km (2003)

Ports and harbors

Cilacap, Cirebon, Jakarta, Kupang, Makassar, Palembang, Semarang, Surabaya

Merchant marine

total:
710 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 3,045,673 GRT/4,106,508 DWT

note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Greece 1, Hong Kong 2, India 1, Japan 2, Malaysia 1, Monaco 3, Panama 1,

Philippines 1, Singapore 11, South Korea 1, Switzerland 1, UK 2, US 1 (2002 est.)

ships by type:
bulk 42, cargo 400, chemical tanker 15, container 56, liquefied gas 3, livestock carrier 1, passenger 9, passenger/cargo 13, petroleum tanker 127, refrigerated cargo 2, roll on/roll off 16, short-sea passenger 9, specialized tanker 11, vehicle carrier 6

Airports

631 (2002)

Heliports

9 (2002)

Military

Army, Navy (including marines and naval air arm), Air Force

7 fields

Military branches

Army, Navy (including marines and naval air arm), Air Force

Military manpower - military age

18 years of age (2003 est.)

Military manpower - availability

males age 15-49: 65,665,721 (2003 est.)

Military manpower - fit for military service

males age 15-49: 38,290,550 (2003 est.)

Transnational Issues

2 fields

Disputes - international

  • East Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee continues to meet regularly to survey and delimit land boundary;
  • East Timor refugees delay return from camps in Indonesia;
  • maritime delimitations with Australia and East Timor await further discussions;
  • ICJ awarded Sipadan and Ligitan islands to Malaysia in 2002;
  • Indonesian secessionists, squatters and illegal migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea

Illicit drugs

illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use; possible growing role as transshipment point for Golden Triangle heroin

Central Intelligence Agency. “Indonesia.” The World Factbook 2003. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/indonesia/2003.

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