Indonesia

Republic of IndonesiaRepublik Indonesia

republic

Indonesia as the 1993 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 77 fields, one of 36 editions from 1990 to 2025.

field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe open editionEach field below ends in its editions, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down.

CapitalJakarta

Area1,919,440 km2

LocationSoutheast Asia, between Malaysia and Australia

Populationas each edition published it

197.23 million July 1993 est. · 190.14m in 1990

Population growth% a year

1.61% 1993 est. · 0.7% in 2025

Median ageyears

Not in this edition 25.8 yrs in 2003

Life expectancyyears at birth

60.26 years 1993 est. · 73.6 yrs in 2025

Fertility ratechildren per woman

2.86 children per woman 1993 est. · 3.1 in 1990

Infant mortalitydeaths per 1,000 live births

69.6 deaths per 1,000 live births 1993 est. · 75 in 1990

GDP per capitaeach edition's own dollars

$680 1992 est. · $14,500 in 2025

GDP real growth% a year

6% 1992 est. · 5% in 2025

Geography

Southeast Asia, between Malaysia and Australia

14 fields

Land useshare of 1,919,440 km2

arable land 8%permanent crops 3%meadows and pastures 7%forest and woodland 67%other 15%irrigated 75,500 km2 (1989 est.)

Area

1,919,440km2

land area: 1,826,440 km2comparative area: slightly less than three times the size of Texas

Coastline

54,716km

Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic baselinesexclusive economic zone: 200 nmterritorial sea: 12 nm

Land boundaries

2,602km

total · Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km

Location

Southeast Asia, between Malaysia and Australia

Map references

Oceania, Southeast Asia, Standard Time Zones of the World

International disputes

sovereignty over Timor Timur (East Timor Province) disputed with Portugal and not recognized by the UN; two islands in dispute with Malaysia

Climate

tropical;
hot, humid;
more moderate in highlands

Terrain

mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains

Natural resources

petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver

Environment

archipelago of 13,500 islands (6,000 inhabited);
occasional floods, severe droughts, and tsunamis;
deforestation

Note

straddles Equator; strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean

People

14 fields

Population

197,232,428

(July 1993 est.)growth rate: 1.61% (1993 est.)

Per 1,000 population(1993 est.)

Birth

24.84Death

8.73Net migration

Male · female(1993 est.)

TotalMale · femaleLife expectancy years60.26

58.28 · 62.34

TotalMale · femaleLiteracy77%

84% · 68%

MaleFemaleLiteracy age 15 and over can read and write (1990)

Ethnic divisions

Javanese 45%Sundanese 14%Madurese 7.5%coastal Malays 7.5%other 26%

Religions(1985)

Muslim 87%Protestant 6%Roman Catholic 3%Hindu 2%Buddhist 1%other 1% (1985)

Labor force

67million

by occupation: agriculture 55%, manufacturing 10%, construction 4%, transport and communications 3% (1985 est.)

Infant mortality rate

69.6 deaths/1,000 live births (1993 est.)

Nationality

noun:: Indonesian(s)
adjective:: Indonesian

Languages

Bahasa Indonesia (modified form of Malay; official), English, Dutch, local dialects the most widely spoken of which is Javanese

Government

Republic

19 fields

Presidential electionpercent of vote

68%

GOLKAR 68%PPP 17%PDI 15%

Names

conventional long form:: Republic of Indonesia
conventional short form:: Indonesia
local long form:: Republik Indonesia
local short form:: Indonesia
former name:: Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East Indies

24 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular - propinsi), 2 special regions*, (daerah-daerah city district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali, Bengkulu, Irian Jaya,, Jakarta Raya**,, Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Lampung, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Riau, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Timor Timur, Yogyakarta*, Independence: 17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence; on 27 December 1949, Indonesia became legally independent from the Netherlands)

Constitution

August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959

Legal system

based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures code; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday

Independence Day, 17 August (1945)

Political parties and leaders

GOLKAR (quasi-official party based on functional groups), Lt. Gen. (Ret.) WAHONO, general chairman;
Indonesia Democracy Party (PDI - federation of former Nationalist and Christian Parties), SOERYADI, chairman;
Development Unity Party (PPP, federation of former Islamic parties), Ismail Hasan METAREUM, chairman

Suffrage

17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age

Elections

House of Representatives:: last held on 8 June 1992 (next to be held NA 1997);
results - GOLKAR 68%, PPP 17%, PDI 15%;
seats - (500 total, 400 elected, 100 appointed) GOLKAR 282, PPP 62, PDI 56

Executive branch

president, vice president, Cabinet

Legislative branch

unicameral House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat or DPR);
note - the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) includes the DPR plus 500 indirectly elected members who meet every five years to elect the president and vice president and, theoretically, to determine national policy

Judicial branch

Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung)

Leaders

Chief of State and Head of Government: President Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO (since 27 March 1968); Vice President Gen. (Ret.) Try SUTRISNO (since 11 March 1993)

Member of

APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, LORCS, NAM, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOSOM, UNTAC, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Diplomatic representation in US

chief of mission:: Ambassador Abdul Rachman RAMLY
chancery:: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 telephone: (202) 775-5200
consulates general:: Houston, New York, and Los Angeles
consulates:: Chicago and San Francisco

US diplomatic representation

chief of mission:: Ambassador Robert L. BARRY
embassy:: Medan Merdeka Selatan 5, Jakarta
mailing address:: APO AP 96520
telephone:: [62] (21) 360-360
FAX:: [62] (21) 360-644
consulates:: Medan, Surabaya

Flag

two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white;
similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter;
also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red

Economy

19 fields

GDP per capita, PPP

$680

(1992 est.)

Real growth rate

(1992 est.)industrial production growth: growth rate 11.6% (1989 est.); accounts for almost 40% of GDP

Inflation, consumer prices

(1992 est.)

Unemployment rate

underemployment 45% (1991 est.)

Budget

Revenues

$17.2 billionExpenditures

$23.4 billion

expenditures, including capital expenditures of $8.9 billion (FY91)

Overview

Indonesia is a mixed economy with many socialist institutions and central planning but with a recent emphasis on deregulation and private enterprise. Indonesia has extensive natural wealth, yet, with a large and rapidly increasing population, it remains a poor country. Real GDP growth in 1985-92 averaged about 6%, quite impressive, but not sufficient to both slash underemployment and absorb the 2.3 million workers annually entering the labor force.

Agriculture, including forestry and fishing, is an important sector, accounting for almost 20% of GDP and over 50% of the labor force. The staple crop is rice. Once the world's largest rice importer, Indonesia is now nearly self-sufficient. Plantation crops - rubber and palm oil - and textiles and plywood are being encouraged for both export and job generation.

Industrial output now accounts for almost 40% of GDP and is based on a supply of diverse natural resources, including crude oil, natural gas, timber, metals, and coal. Of these, the oil sector dominates the external economy, generating more than 20% of the government's revenues and 40% of export earnings in 1989.

However, the economy's growth is highly dependent on the continuing expansion of nonoil exports. Japan remains Indonesia's most important customer and supplier of aid. Rapid growth in the money supply in 1989-90 prompted Jakarta to implement a tight monetary policy in 1991, forcing the private sector to go to foreign banks for investment financing.

Real interest rates remained above 10% and off-shore commercial debt grew. The growth in off-shore debt prompted Jakarta to limit foreign borrowing beginning in late 1991. Despite the continued problems in moving toward a more open financial system and the persistence of a fairly tight credit situation, GDP growth in 1992 is estimated to have stayed at 6%.

National product

GDP - exchange rate conversion - $133 billion (1992 est.)

Exports

$29.4 billion (f.o.b., 1991)

commodities:: petroleum and liquefied natural gas 40%, timber 15%, textiles 7%, rubber 5%, coffee 3%
partners:: Japan 37%, Europe 13%, US 12%, Singapore 8% (1991)

Imports

$24.6 billion (f.o.b., 1991)

commodities:: machinery 39%, chemical products 19%, manufactured goods 16%
partners:: Japan 25%, Europe 23%, US 13%, Singapore 5% (1991)

External debt

$50.5 billion (1992 est.)

Electricity

11,600,000 kW capacity; 38,000 million kWh produced, 200 kWh per capita (1990)

Industries

petroleum and natural gas, textiles, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, food, rubber

Agriculture

accounts for almost 20% of GDP;
subsistence food production;
small-holder and plantation production for export;
main products are rice, cassava, peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra, other tropical products, poultry, beef, pork, eggs

Illicit drugs

illicit producer of cannabis for the international drug trade, but not a major player; government actively eradicating plantings and prosecuting traffickers

Economic aid

US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $4.4 billion;
Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-89), $25.9 billion;
OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $213 million;
Communist countries (1970-89), $175 million

Currency

1 Indonesian rupiah (Rp) = 100 sen (sen no longer used)

Exchange rates

Indonesian rupiahs (Rp) per US$1 - 2,064.7 (January 1993), 2,029.9 (1992), 1,950.3 (1991), 1,842.8 (1990), 1,770.1 (1989), 1,685.7 (1988)

Fiscal year

1 April - 31 March

Communications

8 fields

Merchant marine, 401 ships by type

short-sea passenger 6passenger-cargo 13cargo 238container 10roll-on/roll-off cargo 4vehicle carrier 4oil tanker 78chemical tanker 6liquefied gas 6specialized tanker 7livestock carrier 1bulk 26passenger 2401 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 1,766,201 GRT/2,642,529 DWT

Networkskm

Highways

119,500Railroads

6,964Inland waterways

21,579

Highways: ; 11,812 km state, 34,180 km provincial, and 73,508 km district roads · Railroads: ; 6,389 km 1.067-meter gauge, 497 km 0.750-meter gauge, 78 km 0.600-meter gauge; 211 km double track; 101 km electrified; all government owned · Inland waterways: ; Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460 km, Celebes 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km

Railroads

6,964 km total;
6,389 km 1.067-meter gauge, 497 km 0.750-meter gauge, 78 km 0.600-meter gauge;
211 km double track;
101 km electrified;
all government owned

total:: 435
usable:: 411
with permanent-surface runways:: 119
with runways over 3,659 m:: 1
with runways 2,440-3,659 m:: 11
with runways 1,220-2,439 m:: 67

Telecommunications

interisland microwave system and HF police net;
domestic service fair, international service good;
radiobroadcast coverage good;
763,000 telephones (1986);
broadcast stations - 618 AM, 38 FM, 9 TV;
satellite earth stations - 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT earth station and 1 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT earth station;
and 1 domestic satellite communications system