Indonesia

Republic of IndonesiaRepublik Indonesia

republicIndependence 17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence

Indonesia as the 1996 edition of the CIA World Factbook published it: 89 fields, one of 36 editions from 1990 to 2025.

field in that editiontext changed from the edition beforenot in that editionthe open editionEach field below ends in its editions, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down.

CapitalJakarta

Position5 00 S, 120 00 E

Area1,919,440 sq km

LocationSoutheastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean

Populationas each edition published it

206.61 million July 1996 est. · 190.14m in 1990

Population growth% a year

1.53% 1996 est. · 1.61% in 1993

Median ageyears

Not in this edition 25.8 yrs in 2003

Life expectancyyears at birth

61.64 years 1996 est. · 60.26 yrs in 1993

Fertility ratechildren per woman

2.7 children per woman 1996 est. · 3.1 in 1990

Infant mortalitydeaths per 1,000 live births

63.1 deaths per 1,000 live births 1996 est. · 75 in 1990

GDP per capitaeach edition's own dollars

$3,500 1995 est. · $680 in 1993

GDP real growth% a year

7.5% 1995 est. · 6% in 1993

Geography

Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean | and the Pacific Ocean

15 fields

Land useshare of 1,919,440 sq km

arable land 8%permanent crops 3%meadows and pastures 7%forest and woodland 67%other 15%irrigated 75,500 sq km (1989 est.)

Area

1,919,440sq km

land area: 1,826,440 sq kmcomparative area: slightly less than three times the size of Texas

Coastline

54,716km

Maritime claims: measured from claimed archipelagic baselinesexclusive economic zone: 200 nmterritorial sea: 12 nm

Land boundaries

2,602km

border countries: Malaysia 1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km

Location

Southeastern Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the Pacific Ocean

International disputes

sovereignty over Timor Timur (East Timor Province) disputed with Portugal and not recognized by the UN; two islands in dispute with Malaysia

Climate

tropical;
hot, humid;
more moderate in highlands

Terrain

mostly coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior mountains

lowest point:: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point:: Puncak Jaya 5,030 m

Natural resources

petroleum, tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper, fertile soils, coal, gold, silver

Environment

current issues:: deforestation;
water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage;
air pollution in urban areas
natural hazards:: occasional floods, severe droughts, and tsunamis
international agreements:: party to - Biodiversity, Climate Change, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands;
signed, but not ratified - Desertification, Marine Life Conservation

Geographic note

archipelago of 13,500 islands (6,000 inhabited);
straddles Equator;
strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean

People

15 fields

Population

206,611,600

(July 1996 est.)growth rate: 1.53% (1996 est.)

Per 1,000 population(1996 est.)

Birth

23.67Death

8.38Net migration

Male · female(1996 est.)

TotalMale · femaleLife expectancy years61.64

59.51 · 63.88

TotalMale · femaleLiteracy83.8%

89.6% · 78%

MaleFemaleLiteracy age 15 and over can read and write (1995 est.)

Ethnic divisions

Javanese 45%Sundanese 14%Madurese 7.5%coastal Malays 7.5%other 26%

Religions(1985)

Muslim 87%Protestant 6%Roman Catholic 3%Hindu 2%Buddhist 1%other 1% (1985)

Age structure

0-14 years:: 32% (male 33,354,840; female 32,414,363)
15-64 years:: 64% (male 66,385,852; female 66,827,085)
65 years and over:: 4% (male 3,380,567; female 4,248,893) (July 1996 est.)

Sex ratio

at birth:: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years:: 1.03 male(s)/female
15-64 years:: 0.99 male(s)/female
65 years and over:: 0.8 male(s)/female
all ages:: 1 male(s)/female (1996 est.)

Infant mortality rate

63.1 deaths/1,000 live births (1996 est.)

Nationality

noun:: Indonesian(s)
adjective:: Indonesian

Languages

Bahasa Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay), English, Dutch, local dialects the most widely spoken of which is Javanese

Government

Republic

21 fields

Presidential electionpercent of vote

68%

GOLKAR 68%PPP 17%PDI 15%

Legislature, 400 seatsseats by party

(500 total, 400 elected, 100 military representatives appointed) GOLKAR 282PPP 62PDI 56

Name of country

conventional long form:: Republic of Indonesia
conventional short form:: Indonesia
local long form:: Republik Indonesia
local short form:: Indonesia
former:: Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East Indies

Administrative divisions

24 provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular - propinsi), 2 special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular - daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital city district** (daerah khusus ibukota);
Aceh*, Bali, Bengkulu, Irian Jaya, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Lampung, Maluku, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Riau, Sulawesi Selatan, Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara, Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara, Timor Timur, Yogyakarta*

Independence

17 August 1945 (proclaimed independence; on 27 December 1949, Indonesia became legally independent from the Netherlands)

Constitution

August 1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959

Legal system

based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures code; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage

17 years of age; universal and married persons regardless of age

Executive branch

chief of state and head of government:: President Gen. (Ret.) SOEHARTO (since 27 March 1968) and Vice President Gen. (Ret.) Try SUTRISNO (since 11 March 1993) were elected for five-year terms by the People's Consultative Assembly
cabinet:: Cabinet

House of Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat or DPR)

elections last held 8 June 1992 (next to be held NA 1997);
results - GOLKAR 68%, PPP 17%, PDI 15%;
seats - (500 total, 400 elected, 100 military representatives appointed) GOLKAR 282, PPP 62, PDI 56

note: the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) includes the DPR plus 500 indirectly elected members who meet every five years to elect the president and vice president and,

theoretically, to determine national policy

Judicial branch

Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung), the judges are appointed by the president

Political parties and leaders

GOLKAR (quasi-official party based on functional groups), HARMOKO, general chairman;
Indonesia Democracy Party (PDI - federation of former Nationalist and Christian Parties), Megawati SUKARNOPUTRI, chairman;
Development Unity Party (PPP, federation of former Islamic parties), Ismail Hasan METAREUM, chairman

International organization participation

APEC, AsDB, ASEAN, CCC, CP, ESCAP, FAO, G-15, G-19, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, Mekong Group, NAM, OIC, OPEC, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCRO, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIKOM, UNOMIG, UNPREDEP, UNPROFOR, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in US

chief of mission:: Ambassador Arifin Mohamad SIREGAR
chancery:: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
telephone:: [1] (202) 775-5200

FAX

[1] (202) 775-5365; consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco

US diplomatic representation

chief of mission:: Ambassador J. Stapleton ROY
embassy:: Medan Merdeka Selatan 5, Jakarta
mailing address:: Box 1, APO AP 96520
telephone:: [62] (21) 360360

FAX

[62] (21) 3862259; consulate(s) general: Medan, Surabaya

Flag

two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white;
similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter;
also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red

Economy

Indonesia is a mixed economy with some central | planning but with an emphasis on rapid deregulation and private | enterprise.

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GDP per capita, PPP

$3,500

(1995 est.)

Real growth rate

7.5%

(1995 est.)industrial production growth: 13.9% (1995 est.)

Inflation, consumer prices

8.6%

(1995 est.)

Unemployment rate

3%official rate

underemployment 40% (1994 est.)

GDP composition by sector

agriculture 17%industry 32.6%services 50.4%

Budget

Revenues

$38.1 billionExpenditures

$38.1 billion

expenditures including capital expenditures of $14.5 billion (FY96/97 est.)

Installed generating capacity, 12,100,000 kW

Electricity production

44 billionElectricity consumption per capita

207 (1993)

Economic overview

Indonesia is a mixed economy with some central planning but with an emphasis on rapid deregulation and private enterprise. Real GDP growth in 1985-95 averaged about 7%, quite impressive, but not sufficient to both slash underemployment and absorb the 2.3 million workers annually entering the labor force.

Plantation crops - rubber and palm oil - and textiles and plywood are being encouraged for both export and job generation. Industrial output is based on a supply of diverse natural resources, including crude oil, natural gas, timber, metals, and coal. Foreign investment has also boosted manufacturing output and exports in recent years.

Indeed, the economy's growth is highly dependent on the continuing expansion of nonoil exports. Japan remains Indonesia's most important customer and supplier of aid. Like some other rapidly developing countries in Southeast Asia, Indonesia is struggling to keep the economy from overheating.

GDP

purchasing power parity - $710.9 billion (1995 est.)

Labor force

67 million; by occupation: agriculture 55%, manufacturing 10%, construction 4%, transport and communications 3% (1985 est.)

Industries

petroleum and natural gas, textiles, mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood, food, rubber

Agriculture

rice, cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee, palm oil, copra, other tropical products; poultry, beef, pork, eggs

Illicit drugs

illicit producer of cannabis largely for domestic use;
government actively eradicating plantings and prosecuting traffickers;
minor role as transshipment point for Golden Triangle heroin

Exports

$39.9 billion (f.o.b., 1994)

commodities:: manufactures 51.9%, fuels 26.4%, foodstuffs 12.7%, raw materials 9.0%
partners:: Japan 27.4%, US 14.6%, Singapore 10.1%, South Korea 6.5%, Taiwan 4.1%, Netherlands 3.3%, China 3.3%, Hong Kong 3.3%, Germany 3.2%

Imports

$32 billion (f.o.b., 1994)

commodities:: manufactures 75.3%, raw materials 9.0%, foodstuffs 7.8%, fuels 7.7%
partners:: Japan 24.2%, US 11.2%, Germany 7.7%, South Korea 6.8%, Singapore 5.9%, Australia 4.8%, Taiwan 4.5%, China 4.3%

External debt

$97.6 billion (1995 est.)

Economic aid

recipient: ODA, $1.542 billion (1993)

Currency

Indonesian rupiah (Rp)

Exchange rates

Indonesian rupiahs (Rp) per US$1 - 2,306.3 (January 1996), 2,248.6 (1995), 2,160.8 (1994), 2,087.1 (1993), 2,029.9 (1992), 1,950.3 (1991)

Fiscal year

1 April - 31 March

Transportation

8 fields

Airports by runway lengthpaved left, unpaved right · 414 in all

over 3 047 m

2 438 to 3 047 m

1 524 to 2 437 m

914 to 1 523 m

299

under 914 m

PavedUnpaved

Networkskm

Highways

283,516Railways

6,458Waterways

21,579

Highways: paved: 125,051 km · unpaved: 158,465 km (1995 est.) · Railways: narrow gauge: 5,961 km 1.067-m gauge (101 km electrified; 101 km double track); 497 km 0.750-m gauge (1995) · Waterways: ; Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Kalimantan 10,460 km, Celebes 241 km, Irian Jaya 4,587 km

Railways

total:: 6,458 km
narrow gauge:: 5,961 km 1.067-m gauge (101 km electrified; 101 km double track); 497 km 0.750-m gauge (1995)

Highways

total:: 283,516 km
paved:: 125,051 km
unpaved:: 158,465 km (1995 est.)

total:: 457 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,098,958 GRT/3,056,040 DWT
ships by type:: bulk 30, cargo 265, chemical tanker 6, container 11, liquefied gas tanker 5, livestock carrier 1, oil tanker 98, passenger 5, passenger-cargo 12, roll-on/roll-off cargo 7, short-sea passenger 6, specialized tanker 7, vehicle carrier 4 (1995 est.)

Heliports

4 (1995 est.)

Communications

Army, Navy, Air Force, National Police

9 fields

Fixed lines

1,276,600

(1993 est.)

Telephone system

domestic service fair, international service good

domestic:: interisland microwave system and HF radio police net; domestic satellite communications system
international:: satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)

males age 15-49:: 57,222,025
males fit for military service:: 33,702,395
males reach military age (18) annually:: 2,280,360 (1996 est.)

Defense expenditures

exchange rate conversion - $2.7 billion, 1.4% of GNP (FY95/96)

Central Intelligence Agency. “Indonesia.” The World Factbook 1996. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/indonesia/1996.

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