Indonesia

• tropical;
• hot, humid;
• more moderate in highlands

total:

82.78 cu km/yr (8%/1%/91%)

per capita:

372 cu m/yr (2000)

• occasional floods;
• severe droughts;
• tsunamis;
• earthquakes;
• volcanoes;
• forest fires

volcanism:

• Indonesia contains the most volcanoes of any country in the world - some 76 are historically active;
• significant volcanic activity occurs on Java, western Sumatra, the Sunda Islands, Halmahera Island, Sulawesi Island, Sangihe Island, and in the Banda Sea;
• Merapi (elev. 2,968 m), Indonesia's most active volcano and in eruption since 2010, has been deemed a "Decade Volcano" by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior, worthy of study due to its explosive history and close proximity to human populations;
• other notable historically active volcanoes include
  • Agung,
  • Awu,
  • Karangetang,
  • Krakatau (Krakatoa),
  • Makian,
  • Raung,
  • and Tambora

• deforestation;
• water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage;
• air pollution in urban areas;
• smoke and haze from forest fires

party to:

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified:

Marine Life Conservation

• archipelago of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited);
• straddles equator;
• strategic location astride or along major sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean

noun:

Indonesian(s)

adjective:

Indonesian

at birth:

1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years:

1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years:

1.01 male(s)/female

65 years and over:

0.79 male(s)/female

total population:

1 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

degree of risk:

high

food or waterborne diseases:

bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever

vectorborne diseases:

chikungunya, dengue fever, and malaria

note: highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2009)

conventional long form:

Republic of Indonesia

conventional short form:

Indonesia

local long form:

Republik Indonesia

local short form:

Indonesia

former:

Netherlands East Indies, Dutch East Indies

name:

Jakarta

geographic coordinates:

6 10 S, 106 49 E

time difference:

UTC+7 (12 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

note: Indonesia is divided into three time zones

• 17 August 1945 (declared);
• 27 December 1949 (recognized by the Netherlands);
• note - in August 2005 the Netherlands announced that it had recognized de facto Indonesian independence on 17 August 1945

• August 1945;
• abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July 1959;
• series of amendments concluded in 2002

chief of state:

• President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20 October 2004);
• Vice President BOEDIONO (since 20 October 2009);
• note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government:

President Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO (since 20 October 2004); Vice President BOEDIONO (since 20 October 2009)

cabinet:

Cabinet appointed by the president; (For more information visit theWorld Leaders website)

elections:

• president and vice president elected for five-year terms (eligible for a second term) by direct vote of the citizenry;
• election last held on 8 July 2009 (next to be held in 2014)

election results:

Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO elected president; percent of vote - Susilo Bambang YUDHOYONO 60.8%, MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri 26.8%, Jusuf KALLA 12.4%

• People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) is the upper house;
• it consists of members of the DPR and DPD and has role in inaugurating and impeaching the president and in amending the constitution but does not formulate national policy;
• House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat (DPR) (560 seats, members elected to serve five-year terms), formulates and passes legislation at the national level;
• House of Regional Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah or DPD), constitutionally mandated role includes providing legislative input to DPR on issues affecting regions (132 members, four from each of Indonesia's 30 provinces, two special regions, and one special capital city district)

elections:

last held on 9 April 2009 (next to be held in 2014)

election results:

• percent of vote by party - PD 20.9%, GOLKAR 14.5%, PDI-P 14.0%, PKS 7.9%, PAN 6.0%, PPP 5.3%, PKB 4.9%, GERINDRA 4.5%, HANURA 3.8%, others 18.2%;
• seats by party - PD 148, GOLKAR 107, PDI-P 94, PKS 57, PAN 46, PPP 37, PKB 28, GERINDRA 26, HANURA 17

note: 29 other parties received less than 2.5% of the vote so did not obtain any seats; because of election rules, the number of seats won does not always follow the percentage of votes received by parties

• Supreme Court or Mahkamah Agung is the final court of appeal but does not have the power of judicial review (justices are appointed by the president from a list of candidates selected by the legislature);
• in March 2004 the Supreme Court assumed administrative and financial responsibility for the lower court system from the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights;
• Constitutional Court or Mahkamah Konstitusi (invested by the president on 16 August 2003) has the power of judicial review, jurisdiction over the results of a general election, and reviews actions to dismiss a president from office;
• Labor Court under supervision of Supreme Court began functioning in January 2006;
• the Anti-Corruption Court has jurisdiction over corruption cases brought by the independent Corruption Eradication Commission

• Democrat Party or PD [Anas URANINGRUM];
• Functional Groups Party or GOLKAR [Aburizal BAKRIE];
• Great Indonesia Movement Party or GERINDRA [SUHARDI];
• Indonesia Democratic Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri];
• National Awakening Party or PKB [Muhaiman ISKANDAR];
• National Mandate Party or PAN [Hatta RAJASA];
• People's Conscience Party or HANURA [WIRANTO];
• Prosperous Justice Party or PKS [Luthfi Hasan ISHAQ];
• United Development Party or PPP [Suryadharma ALI]

• Commission for the "Disappeared" and Victims of Violence or KontraS;
• Indonesia Corruption Watch or ICW;
• Indonesian Forum for the Environment or WALHI;
• Islamic Defenders Front or FPI;
• People's Democracy Fortress or Bendera

chief of mission:

Ambassador Dino Patti DJALAL

chancery:

2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036

telephone:

[1] (202) 775-5200

FAX:

[1] (202) 775-5365

consulate(s) general:

Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York, San Francisco

chief of mission:

Ambassador Scot A. MARCIEL

embassy:

Jalan 1 Medan Merdeka Selatan 4-5, Jakarta 10110

mailing address:

Unit 8129, Box 1, FPO AP 96520

telephone:

[62] (21) 3435-9000

FAX:

[62] (21) 3435-9922

consulate(s) general:

Surabaya

• two equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white;
• the colors derive from the banner of the Majapahit Empire of the 13th-15th centuries;
• red symbolizes courage, white represents purity

note: similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter; also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white (top) and red

name:

"Indonesia Raya" (Great Indonesia)

lyrics/music:

Wage Rudolf SOEPRATMAN

note: adopted 1945

agriculture:

38.3%

industry:

12.8%

services:

48.9% (2010 est.)

lowest 10%:

3.3%

highest 10%:

29.9% (2009)

general assessment:

domestic service includes an interisland microwave system, an HF radio police net, and a domestic satellite communications system; international service good

domestic:

• coverage provided by existing network has been expanded by use of over 200,000 telephone kiosks many located in remote areas;
• mobile-cellular subscribership growing rapidly

international:

• country code - 62;
• landing point for both the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable networks that provide links throughout Asia, the Middle East, and Europe;
• satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Pacific Ocean)

• mixture of about a dozen national television networks - 2 public broadcasters, the remainder private broadcasters - each with multiple transmitters;
• more than 100 local TV stations operating;
• widespread use of satellite and cable TV systems;
• public radio broadcaster operates 6 national networks as well as regional and local stations;
• overall, more than 700 radio stations operating with more than 650 privately-operated (2008)

• condensate 812 km;
• condensate/gas 73 km;
• gas 7,165 km;
• oil 5,984 km;
• oil/gas/water 12 km;
• refined products 617 km;
• water 44 km (2010)

total:

5,042 km

country comparison to the world: 35

narrow gauge:

5,042 km 1.067-m gauge (565 km electrified) (2009)

total:

437,759 km

country comparison to the world: 14

paved:

258,744 km

unpaved:

179,015 km (2008)

• the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial and offshore waters in the Strait of Malacca and South China Sea as high risk for piracy and armed robbery against ships;
• 2010 saw the highest levels of armed robbery against ships since 2007;
• 40 commercial vessels were attacked, boarded, or hijacked both at anchor or while underway;
• hijacked vessels are often disguised and cargo diverted to ports in East Asia;
• crews have been murdered or cast adrift

• 18 years of age for selective compulsory and voluntary military service;
• 2-year conscript service obligation, with reserve obligation to age 45 (officers);
• Indonesian citizens only (2008)

males age 16-49:

65,847,171

females age 16-49:

63,228,017 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49:

54,264,299

females age 16-49:

53,274,361 (2010 est.)

male:

2,263,892

female:

2,191,267 (2010 est.)

• Indonesia has a stated foreign policy objective of establishing stable fixed land and maritime boundaries with all of its neighbors;
• some sections of border along Timor-Leste's Oecussi exclave and maritime boundaries with Timor-Leste remain unresolved;
• many refugees from Timor-Leste who left in 2003 still reside in Indonesia and refuse repatriation;
• a 1997 treaty between Indonesia and Australia settled some parts of their maritime boundary but outstanding issues remain;
• ICJ's award of Sipadan and Ligitan islands to Malaysia in 2002 left the sovereignty of Unarang rock and the maritime boundary in the Ambalat oil block in the Celebes Sea in dispute;
• the ICJ decision has prompted Indonesia to assert claims to and to establish a presence on its smaller outer islands;
• Indonesia and Singapore continue to work on finalization of their 1973 maritime boundary agreement by defining unresolved areas north of Indonesia's Batam Island;
• Indonesian secessionists, squatters, and illegal migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New Guinea;
• maritime delimitation talks continue with Palau;
• Indonesian groups challenge Australia's claim to Ashmore Reef;
• Australia has closed parts of the Ashmore and Cartier Reserve to Indonesian traditional fishing and placed restrictions on certain catches