Labor force In 36 editions of 36.

2.2 billion (1991)

3,700,000;

• industry and commerce 40%,
• agriculture 24%,
• government 17%,
• services 10% (1984)

• 2,783,000 economically active; agriculture 85%, industry 15% (1985 est.)

• 1,900,000 (1987);
• agriculture 60%, transport, commerce, and public services 38%, industry less than 2%;
• 49% of population of working age (1985)

• 400,000;
• 182,200 formal sector employees, most others are engaged in cattle raising and subsistence agriculture (1988 est.);
• 19,000 are employed in various mines in South Africa (1988)

• 3,300,000 residents;
• 30,000 are wage earners;
• agriculture 82%, industry 13%, commerce, services, and government 5%;
• 20% of male labor force migrates annually to neighboring countries for seasonal employment (1984);
• 44% of population of working age (1985)

• 1,900,000 (1983 est.);
• agriculture 93.0%, government 4.0%, industry and commerce 1.5%, services 1.5;
• 52% of population of working age (1985)

• 102,000 (1985 est.);
• agriculture (mostly subsistence) 57%, services 29%, industry 14% (1981);
• 51% of population of working age (1985)

• NA;
• agriculture 74.4%, industry and transport 11.4%, other services 14.2% (1983);
• 50% of population of working age (15-64 years) (1985)

• 775,413 (1986 est.);
• agriculture 85%, commerce and services 9%, industry 3%, government 3%;
• about 64,000 salaried workers;
• 55% of population of working age (1985)

NA; agriculture (engaged in unpaid subsistence farming, herding, and fishing) 85%

• 140,000 (1982);
• agriculture 80%, government 3%;
• 51% of population of working age (1985)

• 15,000,000;
• agriculture 75%, industry 13%, services 12%;
• wage earners 13% (1981);
• population of working age 51% (1985)

• 79,100 wage earners;
• agriculture 75%, commerce, industry, and government 25%;
• 51% of population of working age;
• 40% of population economically active (1985)

• 5,718,000;
• over 85% of population engaged in agriculture, forestry, livestock raising;
• about 11% of labor force are wage earners, nearly half in agriculture and the remainder in government, industry, commerce, and professions;
• 54% of population of working age (1985)

NA, but a small number of semiskilled laborers at the port and 3,000 railway workers; 52% of population of working age (1983)

• 15,000,000 (1989 est.);
• government, public sector enterprises, and armed forces 36%;
• agriculture 34%;
• privately owned service and manufacturing enterprises 20% (1984);
• shortage of skilled labor;
• 2,500,000 Egyptians work abroad, mostly in Iraq and the Gulf Arab states (1988 est.)

• 172,000 (1986 est.);
• agriculture 66%, services 23%, industry 11% (1980);
• labor shortages on plantations;
• 58% of population of working age (1985)

• 195,000;
• over 60,000 engaged in subsistence agriculture;
• about 92,000 wage earners (many only intermittently), with agriculture and forestry 36%, community and social services 20%, manufacturing 14%, construction 9%, other 21%;
• 24,000-29,000 employed in South Africa (1987)

18,000,000;

• agriculture and animal husbandry 80%,
• government and services 12%,
• industry and construction 8% (1985)

• 120,000 salaried;
• agriculture 65.0%, industry and commerce 30.0%, services 2.5%, government 2.5%;
• 58% of population of working age (1983)

• 400,000 (1986 est.);
• agriculture 75.0%, industry, commerce, and services 18.9%, government 6.1%;
• 55% population of working age (1983)

• 3,700,000;
• agriculture and fishing 54.7%, industry 18.7%, sales and clerical 15.2%, services, transportation, and communications 7.7%, professional 3.7%;
• 48% of population of working age (1983)

• 2,400,000 (1983);
• agriculture 82.0%, industry and commerce 11.0%, services 5.4%;
• 88,112 civil servants (1987);
• 52% of population of working age (1985)

• 403,000 (est.);
• agriculture 90%, industry, services, and commerce 5%, government 5%;
• population of working age 53% (1983)

• 9.2 million (includes unemployed);
• the total employed is 1.37 million (14.8% of the labor force);
• services 54.8%, industry 26.2%, agriculture 19.0% (1989)

• 689,000 economically active;
• 86.2% of resident population engaged in subsistence agriculture;
• roughly 60% of active male labor force works in South Africa

• 510,000, including 220,000 in the monetary economy;
• agriculture 70.5%, services 10.8%, industry and commerce 4.5%, other 14.2%;
• non-African foreigners hold about 95% of the top-level management and engineering jobs;
• 52% of population of working age

1,000,000, includes about 280,000 resident foreigners;

• industry 31%,
• services 27%,
• government 24%,
• agriculture 18%

• 4,900,000;
• 90% nonsalaried family workers engaged in subsistence agriculture;
• 175,000 wage earners--agriculture 26%, domestic service 17%, industry 15%, commerce 14%, construction 11%, services 9%, transportation 6%, other 2%;
• 51% of population of working age (1985)

428,000 wage earners;

• agriculture 43%,
• manufacturing 16%,
• personal services 15%,
• commerce 9%,
• construction 7%,
• miscellaneous services 4%,
• other permanently employed 6% (1986)

• 2,666,000 (1986 est.);
• agriculture 80%, services 19%, industry and commerce 1% (1981);
• 50% of population of working age (1985)

• 465,000 (1981 est.);
• 45,000 wage earners (1980);
• agriculture 47%, services 29%, industry and commerce 14%, government 10%;
• 53% of population of working age (1985)

• 335,000;
• government services 29%, agriculture and fishing 27%, manufacturing 22%, other 22%;
• 43% of population of working age (1985)

NA

• 7,400,000; agriculture 50%, services 26%, industry 15%, other 9% (1985)

NA, but 90% engaged in agriculture

500,000;

• agriculture 60%,
• industry and commerce 19%,
• services 8%,
• government 7%,
• mining 6% (1981 est.)

• 2,500,000 wage earners (1982);
• agriculture 90%, industry and commerce 6%, government 4%;
• 51% of population of working age (1985)

• 42,844,000;
• agriculture 54%, industry, commerce, and services 19%, government 15%;
• 49% of population of working age (1985)

• NA;
• agriculture 30%, industry 21%, services 49% (1981);
• 63% of population of working age (1983)

• 3,600,000;
• agriculture 93%, government and services 5%, industry and commerce 2%;
• 49% of population of working age (1985)

NA

• 21,096 (1981);
• most of population engaged in subsistence agriculture and fishing;
• labor shortages on plantations and of skilled workers;
• 56% of population of working age (1983)

• 2,509,000;
• 77% subsistence agricultural workers;
• 175,000 wage earners--private sector 40%, government and parapublic 60%;
• 52% of population of working age (1985)

• 27,700;
• industry and commerce 31%, services 21%, government 20%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 12%, other 16% (1985);
• 57% of population of working age (1983)

• 1,369,000 (est.);
• agriculture 65%, industry 19%, services 16% (1981);
• only about 65,000 earn wages (1985);
• 55% of population of working age

• 2,200,000;
• very few are skilled laborers;
• pastoral nomad 70%, agriculture, government, trading, fishing, handicrafts, and other 30%;
• 53% of population of working age (1985)

11,000,000 economically active (1989);

• services 34%,
• agriculture 30%,
• industry and commerce 29%,
• mining 7% (1985)

• 6,500,000;
• agriculture 80%, industry and commerce 10%, government 6%;
• labor shortages for almost all categories of skilled employment (1983 est.);
• 52% of population of working age (1985)

• 732,200 wage earners; 90% agriculture, 10% industry and commerce (1986 est.)

• NA;
• agriculture 78%, industry 22%;
• about 88,600 wage earners, evenly divided between public and private sectors;
• 50% of population of working age (1985)

• 2,250,000;
• agriculture 32%;
• shortage of skilled labor

• 4,500,000 (est.);
• subsistence agriculture 94%, wage earners (est.) 6%;
• 50% of population of working age (1983)

12,000; 50% animal husbandry and subsistence farming

• 2,455,000;
• 85% agriculture;
• 6% mining, manufacturing, and construction;
• 9% transport and services

3,100,000;

• agriculture 74%,
• transport and services 16%,
• mining,
• manufacturing,
• construction 10% (1987)

22,800;

• largely engaged in fishing,
• hunting,
• sheep breeding

134,429; commerce, finance, and services 55.4%, other manufacturing 14.3%., agriculture 5.8%, fish processing 7.9%, fishing 5.0% (1986)

NA

4,980,000; agriculture and animal husbandry 67.8%, industry 10.2%, construction 6.3%, commerce 5.0%, services and other 10.7%, (1980 est.)

• 35,100,000;
• agriculture 74%, services 15%, industry and commerce 11% (FY86);
• extensive export of labor to Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Oman (1991)

• NA;
• agriculture 93%, services 5%, industry and commerce 2%;
• massive lack of skilled labor

553,000,000;

• agriculture and forestry 60%,
• industry and commerce 25%,
• construction and mining 5%,
• social services 5%,
• other 5% (1989 est.)

284,400,000; 67% agriculture (FY85)

• 63,330,000;
• trade and services 54%;
• manufacturing, mining, and construction 33%;
• agriculture, forestry, and fishing 7%;
• government 3% (1988)

• 9,615,000;
• agricultural 36%, nonagricultural 64%;
• shortage of skilled and unskilled labor (mid-1987 est.)

• 16,900,000;
• 52% services and other;
• 27% mining and manufacturing;
• 21% agriculture, fishing, forestry (1987)

66,000 (est.); 25% engaged in fishing industry

• NA, but primarily herding/agricultural;
• over half the adult population is in the labor force, including a large percentage of women;
• shortage of skilled labor

• 4,100,000;
• agriculture 93%, services 5%, industry 2%;
• severe lack of skilled labor

• 28,900,000;
• agriculture 54%, mining and manufacturing 13%, services 33%;
• extensive export of labor (1987 est.)

6,600,000;

• agriculture 45.9%,
• mining and manufacturing 13.3%,
• trade and transport 12.4%,
• services and other 28.4% (1985 est.)

2,780 (1984)

• 30,000; commerce and services 82%, agriculture 11%, industry 7% (1983)

• NA, but most employment is in the tourist industry (1986)

132,600;

• government 30%,
• hotels and restaurants 25%,
• business services 10%,
• agriculture 5% (1986)

• 112,300;
• services and government 37%;
• commerce 22%;
• manufacturing and construction 22%;
• transportation, storage, communications, and financial institutions 9%;
• agriculture 8%;
• utilities 2% (1985 est.)

• 51,500;
• agriculture 30.0%, services 16.0%, government 15.4%, commerce 11.2%, manufacturing 10.3%;
• shortage of skilled labor and all types of technical personnel (1985)

4,911 (1980)

8,061;

• service workers 18.7%,
• clerical 18.6%,
• construction 12.5%,
• finance and investment 6.7%,
• directors and business managers 5.9% (1979)

868,300;

• industry and commerce 35.1%,
• government and services 33%,
• agriculture 27%,
• other 4.9% (1985 est.)

• 3,578,800 in state sector;
• services and government 30%, industry 22%, agriculture 20%, commerce 11%, construction 10%, transportation and communications 7% (June 1990);
• economically active population 4,620,800 (1988)

• 25,000; agriculture 40%, industry and commerce 32%, services 28% (1984)

• 2,300,000-2,600,000; agriculture 49%, services 33%, industry 18% (1986)

• 1,700,000 (1982 est.);
• agriculture 40%, commerce 16%, manufacturing 15%, government 13%, financial services 9%, transportation 6%, other 1%;
• shortage of skilled labor and a large pool of unskilled labor, but manpower training programs improving situation (1984 est.)

36,000;

• services 31%,
• agriculture 24%,
• construction 8%,
• manufacturing 5%,
• other 32% (1985)

120,000; 53.0% services, government, and commerce, 25.8% industry, 21.2% agriculture

2,500,000;

• agriculture 60%,
• services 13%,
• manufacturing 12%,
• commerce 7%,
• construction 4%,
• transport 3%,
• utilities 0.8%,
• mining 0.4% (1985)

• 2,300,000;
• agriculture 66%, services 25%, industry 9%;
• shortage of skilled labor, unskilled labor abundant (1982)

1,300,000;

• agriculture 62%,
• services 20%,
• manufacturing 9%,
• construction 3%,
• other 6% (1985)

• 1,062,100;
• services 41%, agriculture 22.5%, industry 19%;
• unemployed 17.5% (1989)

100,000;

• service industry 31.7%,
• construction and public works 29.4%,
• agriculture 13.1%,
• industry 7.3%,
• fisheries 2.2%,
• other 16.3%

5,100; community, social, and personal services 40.5%, construction 13.5%, trade, restaurants, and hotels 12.3%, manufacturing 10.5%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 8.8%, other 14.4% (1983 est.)

• 89,000; government 65%, industry and commerce 28% (1983)

• 1,086,000; service 43%, agriculture 44%, industry 13% (1986)

• 770,472 (1987);
• government and community services 27.9%;
• agriculture, hunting, and fishing 26.2%;
• commerce, restaurants, and hotels 16%;
• manufacturing and mining 10.5%;
• construction 5.3%;
• transportation and communications 5.3%;
• finance, insurance, and real estate 4.2%;
• Canal Zone 2.4%;
• shortage of skilled labor, but an oversupply of unskilled labor

1,068,000;

• government 28%,
• manufacturing 15%,
• trade 14%,
• agriculture 3%,
• other 40% (1990)

20,000 (1981)

43,800;

• agriculture 43.4%,
• services 38.9%,
• industry and commerce 17.7% (1983 est.)

67,000 (1984 est.)

• 463,900;
• construction and utilities 18.1%;
• manufacturing, mining, and quarrying 14.8%;
• agriculture 10.9%;
• other 56.2% (1985 est.)

• NA;
• majority engaged in fishing and tourist industries;
• some subsistence agriculture

45,500 (1988)

• 1,500,000 (1987); agriculture about 60%, industry and commerce 40% (1986)

NA

• 3,470,000 (1989);
• services 56.4%, industry and crafts 35.4%, agriculture and forestry 8.1%;
• an estimated 200,000 Austrians are employed in other European countries;
• foreign laborers in Austria number 177,840, about 6% of labor force (1988)

• 4,200,000; services 69%, industry 28%, agriculture 3% (1988)

• 4,300,000; industry 33%, agriculture 20%, other 47% (1987)

8,200,000 (1987); industry 36.9%, agriculture 12.3%, construction, communications, and other 50.8% (1982)

• 2,581,400;
• private services 36.4%;
• government services 30.2%;
• manufacturing and mining 20%;
• construction 6.8%;
• agriculture, forestry, and fishing 5.9%;
• electricity/gas/water 0.7% (1990)

17,585; largely engaged in fishing, manufacturing, transportation, and commerce

2,470,000; services 38.2%, mining and manufacturing 22.7%, commerce 14.9%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 8.8%, construction 8.0%, transportation and communications 7.2% (1989)

• 24,170,000; services 61.5%, industry 31.3%, agriculture 7.3% (1987)

• 36,750,000; industry 41%, agriculture 6%, other 53% (1987)

about 14,800 (including non-Gibraltar laborers); UK military establishments and civil government employ nearly 50% of the labor force

3,860,000;

• services 43%,
• agriculture 27%,
• manufacturing and mining 20%,
• construction 7% (1985)

NA

high dignitaries, priests, nuns, guards, and 3,000 lay workers who live outside the Vatican

4,860,000; services, trade, government, and other 43.2%, industry 30.9%, agriculture 18.8%, construction 7.1% (1988)

1,293,000; services 57.0%, manufacturing and construction 26.1%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 15.0%, energy and mining 1.9% (1988)

25,864 (1981)

• 23,988,000; services 58%, industry 32.2%, agriculture 9.8% (1988)

NA

• 12,258;
• 5,078 foreign workers (mostly from Switzerland and Austria);
• industry, trade, and building 54.4%;
• services 41.6%;
• agriculture, fishing, forestry, and horticulture 4.0%

• 169,600;
• one-third of labor force is foreign workers, mostly from Portugal, Italy, France, Belgium, and FRG;
• services 50%, industry 23.2%, government 14.4%, construction 9%, agriculture 3.4% (1987)

126,135;

• government (excluding job corps) 37%,
• services 26%,
• manufacturing 22%,
• training programs 9%,
• construction 4%,
• agriculture 2% (1989)

NA

5,300,000;

• services 50.1%,
• manufacturing and construction 28.2%,
• government 15.9%,
• agriculture 5.8% (1986)

2,167,000 (September 1990); services 34.7%, commerce 18%, mining and manufacturing 16.6%, banking and financial services 7.5%, transportation and communications 7.2%, construction 7.2%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 6.4% (1989)

• 17,104,000;
• industry and construction 36.1%;
• agriculture 27.3%;
• trade, transport, and communications 14.8%;
• government and other 21.8% (1989)

• 4,605,700; services 45%, industry 35%, agriculture 20% (1988)

• 10,690,000; industry 34%, agriculture 28%, other 38% (1987)

about 4,300

• 152,300,000 civilians;
• industry and other nonagricultural fields 80%, agriculture 20%;
• shortage of skilled labor (1989)

• 14,621,000; services 53%, industry 24%, agriculture 14%, constrction 9% (1988)

4,572,000 (October 1990); government services 37.4%, mining, manufacturing, electricity, and water service 23.1%, private services 22.2%, transportation and communications 7%, construction 6.3%, agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting 3.8%, other 0.2% (1988)

• 3,310,000;
• 904,095 foreign workers, mostly Italian;
• services 50%, industry and crafts 33%, government 10%, agriculture and forestry 6%, other 1% (1989)

28,966,000;

• services 60.6%,
• manufacturing and construction 27.2%,
• government 8.9%,
• energy 2.1%,
• agriculture 1.2% (June 1990)

• 9,600,000;
• agriculture 22%, mining and manufacturing 27%;
• about 5% of labor force are guest workers in Western Europe (1986)

• 140,000;
• 42% of labor force is Bahraini;
• industry and commerce 85%, agriculture 5%, services 5%, government 3% (1982)

• Greek area--246,100;
• services 42%, industry 33%, agriculture 22%;
• Turkish area--NA (1989)

(excluding Israeli Jewish settlers) small industry, commerce and business 32.0%, construction 24.4%, service and other 25.5%, and agriculture 18.1% (1984)

• 15,400,000;
• agriculture 33%, manufacturing 21%;
• shortage of skilled labor (1988 est.)

• 4,400,000 (1989);
• services 48%, agriculture 30%, industry 22%, severe labor shortage;
• expatriate labor force about 1,600,000 (July 1990)

• 1,400,000 (1984 est.);
• public services 29.3%;
• industry, mining, and manufacturing 22.8%;
• commerce 12.8%;
• finance and business 9.5%;
• transport, storage, and communications 6.8%;
• construction and public works 6.5%;
• personal and other services 5.8%;
• agriculture, forestry, and fishing 5.5%;
• electricity and water 1.0% (1983)