The CIA World Factbook Edition 1993 People

Labor force In 36 editions of 36.

Labor force was published in 36 editions of the CIA World Factbook, from 1990 to 2025. The 1993 edition carries it in 236 entries, in its People section. Every entry is shown as that edition published it.

entries in the 1993 edition
236
the first edition with it
1990
the latest edition with it
2025

Published as “Labor force” (1990 to 2025).

the entry has the field in that editionnot in that editionthe open editionEach entry below ends in its editions with Labor force, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down; choose one in a row to read that edition’s text there.

1993

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World

1 entry

World

2.24 billion (1992)

by occupation:
NA

Africa

57 entries

Algeria

6.2 million (1992 est.)

by occupation:
  • government 29.5%,
  • agriculture 22%,
  • construction and public works 16.2%,
  • industry 13.6%,
  • commerce and services 13.5%,
  • transportation and communication 5.2% (1989)

Angola

2.783 million economically active

by occupation:
agriculture 85%, industry 15% (1985 est.)

Benin

1.9 million (1987)

by occupation:
agriculture 60%, transport, commerce, and public services 38%, industry less than 2%

note: 49% of population of working age (1985)

Botswana

400,000

by occupation:
  • 198,500 formal sector employees, most others are engaged in cattle raising and subsistence agriculture (1990 est.);
  • 14,600 are employed in various mines in South Africa (1990)

Burkina now Burkina Faso

3.3 million residents; 30,000 are wage earners

by occupation:
agriculture 82%, industry 13%, commerce, services, and government 5%

note: 20% of male labor force migrates annually to neighboring countries for seasonal employment (1984); 44% of population of working age (1985)

Burundi

1.9 million (1983 est.)

by occupation:
  • agriculture 93.0%,
  • government 4.0%,
  • industry and commerce 1.5%,
  • services 1.5%

note: 52% of population of working age (1985)

Cape Verde now Cabo Verde

102,000 (1985 est.)

by occupation:
  • agriculture (mostly subsistence) 57%,
  • services 29%,
  • industry 14% (1981)

note: 51% of population of working age (1985)

Cameroon

NA

by occupation:
  • agriculture 74.4%,
  • industry and transport 11.4%,
  • other services 14.2% (1983)

note: 50% of population of working age (15-64 years) (1985)

Central African Republic

775,413 (1986 est.)

by occupation:
  • agriculture 85%,
  • commerce and services 9%,
  • industry 3%,
  • government 3%

note: about 64,000 salaried workers; 55% of population of working age (1985)

Chad

NA

by occupation:
agriculture 85% (engaged in unpaid subsistence farming, herding, and fishing)

Comoros

140,000 (1982)

by occupation:
agriculture 80%, government 3%

note: 51% of population of working age (1985)

Zaire now Democratic Republic of the Congo

15 million (13% of the labor force is wage earners; 51% of the population is of working age)

by occupation:
  • agriculture 75%,
  • industry 13%,
  • services 12% (1985)

Congo now Republic of the Congo

79,100 wage earners

by occupation:
agriculture 75%, commerce, industry, and government 25%

note: 51% of population of working age; 40% of population economically active (1985)

Cote d'Ivoire

5.718 million

by occupation:
  • over 85% of population engaged in agriculture, forestry, livestock raising;
  • about 11% of labor force are wage earners, nearly half in agriculture and the remainder in government, industry, commerce, and professions

note: 54% of population of working age (1985)

Djibouti

NA

by occupation:
a small number of semiskilled laborers at the port and 3,000 railway workers

note: 52% of population of working age (1983)

Egypt

15 million (1989 est.)

by occupation:
government, public sector enterprises, and armed forces 36%, agriculture 34%, privately owned service and manufacturing enterprises 20% (1984)

note: shortage of skilled labor; 2,500,000 Egyptians work abroad, mostly in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Arab states (1988 est.)

Equatorial Guinea

172,000 (1986 est.)

by occupation:
  • agriculture 66%,
  • services 23%,
  • industry 11% (1980)

note: labor shortages on plantations; 58% of population of working age (1985)

Eritrea

NA

Swaziland now Eswatini

195,000 (over 60,000 engaged in subsistence agriculture; about 92,000 wage earners - many only intermittently)

by occupation:
  • agriculture and forestry 36%,
  • community and social service 20%,
  • manufacturing 14%,
  • construction 9%,
  • other 21%

note: 15,980 employed in South African gold and coal mines (1991)

Ethiopia

18 million

by occupation:
  • agriculture and animal husbandry 80%,
  • government and services 12%,
  • industry and construction 8% (1985)

Gabon

120,000 salaried

by occupation:
  • agriculture 65.0%,
  • industry and commerce 30.0%,
  • services 2.5%,
  • government 2.5%

note: 58% of population of working age (1983)

The Gambia

400,000 (1986 est.)

by occupation:
agriculture 75.0%, industry, commerce, and services 18.9%, government 6.1%

note: 55% population of working age (1983)

Ghana

3.7 million

by occupation:
agriculture and fishing 54.7%, industry 18.7%, sales and clerical 15.2%, services, transportation, and communications 7.7%, professional 3.7%

note: 48% of population of working age (1983)

Guinea

2.4 million (1983)

by occupation:
  • agriculture 82.0%,
  • industry and commerce 11.0%,
  • services 5.4%

note: 88,112 civil servants (1987); 52% of population of working age (1985)

Guinea-Bissau

403,000 (est.)

by occupation:
agriculture 90%, industry, services, and commerce 5%, government 5%

note: population of working age 53% (1983)

Kenya

9.2 million (includes unemployed); the total employed is 1,370,000 (14.8% of the labor force)

by occupation:
  • services 54.8%,
  • industry 26.2%,
  • agriculture 19.0% (1989)

Lesotho

689,000 economically active

by occupation:
86.2% of resident population engaged in subsistence agriculture; roughly 60% of active male labor force works in South Africa

Liberia

510,000 including 220,000 in the monetary economy

by occupation:
  • agriculture 70.5%,
  • services 10.8%,
  • industry and commerce 4.5%,
  • other 14.2%

note: non-African foreigners hold about 95% of the top-level management and engineering jobs; 52% of population of working age

Libya

1 million includes about 280,000 resident foreigners

by occupation:
  • industry 31%,
  • services 27%,
  • government 24%,
  • agriculture 18%

Madagascar

4.9 million 90% nonsalaried family workers engaged in subsistence agriculture; 175,000 wage earners

by occupation:
  • agriculture 26%,
  • domestic service 17%,
  • industry 15%,
  • commerce 14%,
  • construction 11%,
  • services 9%,
  • transportation 6%,
  • other 2%

note: 51% of population of working age (1985)

Malawi

428,000 wage earners

by occupation:
  • agriculture 43%,
  • manufacturing 16%,
  • personal services 15%,
  • commerce 9%,
  • construction 7%,
  • miscellaneous services 4%,
  • other permanently employed 6% (1986)

Mali

2.666 million (1986 est.)

by occupation:
  • agriculture 80%,
  • services 19%,
  • industry and commerce 1% (1981)

note: 50% of population of working age (1985)

Mauritania

  • 465,000 (1981 est.); 45,000 wage earners (1980)
by occupation:
  • agriculture 47%,
  • services 29%,
  • industry and commerce 14%,
  • government 10%

note: 53% of population of working age (1985)

Mauritius

335,000

by occupation:
  • government services 29%,
  • agriculture and fishing 27%,
  • manufacturing 22%,
  • other 22%

note: 43% of population of working age (1985)

Mayotte

NA

Morocco

7.4 million

by occupation:
  • agriculture 50%,
  • services 26%,
  • industry 15%,
  • other 9% (1985)

Mozambique

NA

by occupation:
90% engaged in agriculture

Namibia

500,000

by occupation:
  • agriculture 60%,
  • industry and commerce 19%,
  • services 8%,
  • government 7%,
  • mining 6% (1981 est.)

Niger

2.5 million wage earners (1982)

by occupation:
  • agriculture 90%,
  • industry and commerce 6%,
  • government 4%

note: 51% of population of working age (1985)

Nigeria

42.844 million

by occupation:
agriculture 54%, industry, commerce, and services 19%, government 15%

note: 49% of population of working age (1985)

Reunion

NA

by occupation:
  • agriculture 30%,
  • industry 21%,
  • services 49% (1981)

note: 63% of population of working age (1983)

Rwanda

3.6 million

by occupation:
  • agriculture 93%,
  • government and services 5%,
  • industry and commerce 2%

note: 49% of population of working age (1985)

Saint Helena now Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha

2,516

by occupation:
professional, technical, and related workers 8.7%, managerial, administrative, and clerical 12.8%, sales people 8.1%, farmer, fishermen, etc. 5.4%, craftspersons, production process workers 14.7%, others 50.3% (1987)

Sao Tome and Principe

  • 21,096 (1981);
  • most of population engaged in subsistence agriculture and fishing;
  • labor shortages on plantations and of skilled workers;
  • 56% of population of working age (1983)

Senegal

2.509 million (77% are engaged in subsistence farming; 175,000 wage earners)

by occupation:
private sector 40%, government and parapublic 60%

note: 52% of population of working age (1985)

Seychelles

27,700 (1985)

by occupation:
industry and commerce 31%, services 21%, government 20%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 12%, other 16% (1985)

note: 57% of population of working age (1983)

Sierra Leone

1.369 million (1981 est.)

by occupation:
  • agriculture 65%,
  • industry 19%,
  • services 16% (1981 est.)

note: only about 65,000 wage earners (1985); 55% of population of working age

Somalia

2.2 million (very few are skilled laborers)

by occupation:
pastoral nomad 70%, agriculture, government, trading, fishing, handicrafts, and other 30%

note: 53% of population of working age (1985)

South Africa

13.4 million economically active (1990)

by occupation:
  • services 55%,
  • agriculture 10%,
  • industry 20%,
  • mining 9%,
  • other 6%

Sudan

6.5 million

by occupation:
  • agriculture 80%,
  • industry and commerce 10%,
  • government 6%

note: labor shortages for almost all categories of skilled employment (1983 est.); 52% of population of working age (1985)

Tanzania

732,200 wage earners

by occupation:
agriculture 90%, industry and commerce 10% (1986 est.)

Togo

NA

by occupation:
agriculture 78%, industry 22%

note: about 88,600 wage earners, evenly divided between public and private sectors; 50% of population of working age (1985)

Tunisia

2.25 million

by occupation:
agriculture 32%

note: shortage of skilled labor

Uganda

4.5 million (est.)

by occupation:
agriculture over 80%

note: 50% of population of working age (1983)

Western Sahara

12,000

by occupation:
animal husbandry and subsistence farming 50%

Zambia

2.455 million

by occupation:
agriculture 85%, mining, manufacturing, and construction 6%, transport and services 9%

Zimbabwe

3.1 million

by occupation:
  • agriculture 74%,
  • transport and services 16%,
  • mining,
  • manufacturing,
  • construction 10% (1987)

Arctic Region

3 entries

Greenland

22,800

by occupation:
  • largely engaged in fishing,
  • hunting,
  • sheep breeding

Iceland

127,900

by occupation:
commerce, transportation, and services 60.0%, manufacturing 12.5%, fishing and fish processing 11.8%, construction 10.8%, agriculture 4.0% (1990)

Svalbard

NA

Asia

22 entries

Afghanistan

4.98 million

by occupation:
  • agriculture and animal husbandry 67.8%,
  • industry 10.2%,
  • construction 6.3%,
  • commerce 5.0%,
  • services and other 10.7% (1980 est.)

Armenia

1.63 million

by occupation:
  • industry and construction 42%,
  • agriculture and forestry 18%,
  • other 40% (1990)

Azerbaijan

2.789 million

by occupation:
  • agriculture and forestry 32%,
  • industry and construction 26%,
  • other 42% (1990)

Bangladesh

35.1 million

by occupation:
  • agriculture 74%,
  • services 15%,
  • industry and commerce 11% (FY86)

note: extensive export of labor to Saudi Arabia, UAE, and Oman (1991)

Bhutan

NA

by occupation:
  • agriculture 93%,
  • services 5%,
  • industry and commerce 2%

note: massive lack of skilled labor

China

567.4 million

by occupation:
  • agriculture and forestry 60%,
  • industry and commerce 25%,
  • construction and mining 5%,
  • social services 5%,
  • other 5% (1990 est.)

Georgia

2.763 million

by occupation:
  • industry and construction 31%,
  • agriculture and forestry 25%,
  • other 44% (1990)

India

284.4 million

by occupation:
agriculture 67% (FY85)

Japan

63.33 million

by occupation:
trade and services 54%, manufacturing, mining, and construction 33%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 7%, government 3% (1988)

Kazakhstan

7.563 million

by occupation:
  • industry and construction 32%,
  • agriculture and forestry 23%,
  • other 45% (1990)

Korea, North now North Korea

9.615 million

by occupation:
agricultural 36%, nonagricultural 64%

note: shortage of skilled and unskilled labor (mid-1987 est.)

Korea, South now South Korea

19 million

by occupation:
  • services and other 52%,
  • mining and manufacturing 27%,
  • agriculture,
  • fishing,
  • forestry 21% (1991)

Kyrgyzstan

1.748 million

by occupation:
  • agriculture and forestry 33%,
  • industry and construction 28%,
  • other 39% (1990)

Maldives

66,000 (est.)

by occupation:
fishing industry 25%

Mongolia

NA

by occupation:
primarily herding/agricultural

note: over half the adult population is in the labor force, including a large percentage of women; shortage of skilled labor

Nepal

8.5 million (1991 est.)

by occupation:
  • agriculture 93%,
  • services 5%,
  • industry 2%

note: severe lack of skilled labor

Pakistan

28.9 million

by occupation:
  • agriculture 54%,
  • mining and manufacturing 13%,
  • services 33%,
  • extensive export of labor (1987 est.)

Russia

75 million (1993 est.)

by occupation:
production and economic services 83.9%, government 16.1%

Sri Lanka

6.6 million

by occupation:
  • agriculture 45.9%,
  • mining and manufacturing 13.3%,
  • trade and transport 12.4%,
  • services and other 28.4% (1985 est.)

Tajikistan

1.938 million

by occupation:
  • agriculture and forestry 43%,
  • industry and construction 22%,
  • other 35% (1990)

Turkmenistan

1.542 million

by occupation:
  • agriculture and forestry 42%,
  • industry and construction 21%,
  • other 37% (1990)

Uzbekistan

7.941 million

by occupation:
  • agriculture and forestry 39%,
  • industry and construction 24%,
  • other 37% (1990)

Central America and the Caribbean

31 entries

Anguilla

2,780 (1984)

by occupation:
NA

Antigua and Barbuda

30,000

by occupation:
  • commerce and services 82%,
  • agriculture 11%,
  • industry 7% (1983)

Aruba

NA

by occupation:
most employment is in the tourist industry (1986)

The Bahamas

127,400

by occupation:
  • government 30%,
  • hotels and restaurants 25%,
  • business services 10%,
  • agriculture 5% (1989)

Barbados

120,900 (1991)

by occupation:
services and government 37%, commerce 22%, manufacturing and construction 22%, transportation, storage, communications, and financial institutions 9%, agriculture 8%, utilities 2% (1985 est.)

Belize

51,500

by occupation:
  • agriculture 30%,
  • services 16%,
  • government 15.4%,
  • commerce 11.2%,
  • manufacturing 10.3%

note: shortage of skilled labor and all types of technical personnel (1985)

British Virgin Islands

4,911 (1980)

by occupation:
NA

Cayman Islands

8,061

by occupation:
  • service workers 18.7%,
  • clerical 18.6%,
  • construction 12.5%,
  • finance and investment 6.7%,
  • directors and business managers 5.9% (1979)

Costa Rica

868,300

by occupation:
  • industry and commerce 35.1%,
  • government and services 33%,
  • agriculture 27%,
  • other 4.9% (1985 est.)

Cuba

4,620,800 economically active population (1988); 3,578,800 in state sector

by occupation:
  • services and government 30%,
  • industry 22%,
  • agriculture 20%,
  • commerce 11%,
  • construction 10%,
  • transportation and communications 7% (June 1990)

Dominica

25,000

by occupation:
  • agriculture 40%,
  • industry and commerce 32%,
  • services 28% (1984)

Dominican Republic

2,300,000 to 2,600,000

by occupation:
  • agriculture 49%,
  • services 33%,
  • industry 18% (1986)

El Salvador

1.7 million (1982 est.)

by occupation:
  • agriculture 40%,
  • commerce 16%,
  • manufacturing 15%,
  • government 13%,
  • financial services 9%,
  • transportation 6%,
  • other 1%

note: shortage of skilled labor and a large pool of unskilled labor, but manpower training programs improving situation (1984 est.)

Grenada

36,000

by occupation:
  • services 31%,
  • agriculture 24%,
  • construction 8%,
  • manufacturing 5%,
  • other 32% (1985)

Guadeloupe

120,000

by occupation:
services, government, and commerce 53.0%, industry 25.8%, agriculture 21.2%

Guatemala

2.5 million

by occupation:
  • agriculture 60%,
  • services 13%,
  • manufacturing 12%,
  • commerce 7%,
  • construction 4%,
  • transport 3%,
  • utilities 0.8%,
  • mining 0.4% (1985)

Haiti

2.3 million

by occupation:
  • agriculture 66%,
  • services 25%,
  • industry 9%

note: shortage of skilled labor, unskilled labor abundant (1982)

Honduras

1.3 million

by occupation:
  • agriculture 62%,
  • services 20%,
  • manufacturing 9%,
  • construction 3%,
  • other 6% (1985)

Jamaica

1,062,100

by occupation:
  • services 41%,
  • agriculture 22.5%,
  • industry 19%,
  • unemployed 17.5% (1989)

Martinique

100,000

by occupation:
  • service industry 31.7%,
  • construction and public works 29.4%,
  • agriculture 13.1%,
  • industry 7.3%,
  • fisheries 2.2%,
  • other 16.3%

Montserrat

5,100

by occupation:
community, social, and personal services 40.5%, construction 13.5%, trade, restaurants, and hotels 12.3%, manufacturing 10.5%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 8.8%, other 14.4% (1983 est.)

Netherlands Antilles

89,000

by occupation:
government 65%, industry and commerce 28% (1983)

Nicaragua

1.086 million

by occupation:
  • service 43%,
  • agriculture 44%,
  • industry 13% (1986)

Panama

921,000 (1992 est.)

by occupation:
government and community services 31.8%, agriculture, hunting, and fishing 26.8%, commerce, restaurants, and hotels 16.4%, manufacturing and mining 9.4%, construction 3.2%, transportation and communications 6.2%, finance, insurance, and real estate 4.3%

note: shortage of skilled labor, but an oversupply of unskilled labor

Puerto Rico

1.17 million (1992)

by occupation:
  • government 20%,
  • manufacturing 14%,
  • trade 17%,
  • construction 5%,
  • communications and transportation 5%,
  • other 39% (1992)

Saint Kitts and Nevis

20,000 (1981)

Saint Lucia

43,800

by occupation:
  • agriculture 43.4%,
  • services 38.9%,
  • industry and commerce 17.7% (1983 est.)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

67,000 (1984 est.)

by occupation:
NA

Trinidad and Tobago

463,900

by occupation:
construction and utilities 18.1%, manufacturing, mining, and quarrying 14.8%, agriculture 10.9%, other 56.2% (1985 est.)

Turks and Caicos Islands

NA

by occupation:
majority engaged in fishing and tourist industries; some subsistence agriculture

Virgin Islands

45,500 (1988)

by occupation:
tourism 70%

Europe

46 entries

Albania

1.5 million (1987)

by occupation:
agriculture 60%, industry and commerce 40% (1986)

Andorra

NA

Austria

3.47 million (1989)

by occupation:
  • services 56.4%,
  • industry and crafts 35.4%,
  • agriculture and forestry 8.1%

note: an estimated 200,000 Austrians are employed in other European countries; foreign laborers in Austria number 177,840, about 6% of labor force (1988)

Belarus

5.418 million

by occupation:
  • industry and construction 42%,
  • agriculture and forestry 20%,
  • other 38% (1990)

Belgium

4.126 million

by occupation:
  • services 63.6%,
  • industry 28%,
  • construction 6.1%,
  • agriculture 2.3% (1988)

Bosnia and Herzegovina

1,026,254

by occupation:
  • agriculture 2%,
  • industry,
  • mining 45% (1991 est.)

Bulgaria

  • 4.3 million by occupation: industry 33%,
  • agriculture 20%,
  • other 47% (1987)

Croatia

1,509,489

by occupation:
  • industry and mining 37%,
  • agriculture 16% (1981 est.),
  • government NA%,
  • other

Czech Republic now Czechia

5.389 million

by occupation:
  • industry 37.9%,
  • agriculture 8.1%,
  • construction 8.8%,
  • communications and other 45.2% (1990)

Denmark

2,553,900

by occupation:
private services 37.1%, government services 30.4%, manufacturing and mining 20%, construction 6.3%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 5.6%, electricity/gas/water 0.6% (1991)

Estonia

796,000

by occupation:
  • industry and construction 42%,
  • agriculture and forestry 20%,
  • other 38% (1990)

Faroe Islands

17,585

by occupation:
largely engaged in fishing, manufacturing, transportation, and commerce

Finland

2.533 million

by occupation:
public services 30.4%, industry 20.9%, commerce 15.0%, finance, insurance, and business services 10.2%, agriculture and forestry 8.6%, transport and communications 7.7%, construction 7.2%

France

  • 24.17 million by occupation: services 61.5%,
  • industry 31.3%,
  • agriculture 7.2% (1987)

Germany

36.75 million

by occupation:
  • industry 41%,
  • agriculture 6%,
  • other 53% (1987)

Gibraltar

14,800 (including non-Gibraltar laborers)

note: UK military establishments and civil government employ nearly 50% of the labor force

Greece

3,966,900

by occupation:
  • services 45%,
  • agriculture 27%,
  • industry 28% (1990)

Guernsey

NA

Holy See (Vatican City)

NA

by occupation:
dignitaries, priests, nuns, guards, and 3,000 lay workers who live outside the Vatican

Hungary

5.4 million

by occupation:
services, trade, government, and other 44.8%, industry 29.7%, agriculture 16.1%, construction 7.0% (1991)

Ireland

1.37 million

by occupation:
services 57.0%, manufacturing and construction 28%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 13.5%, energy and mining 1.5% (1992)

Man, Isle of now Isle of Man

25,864 (1981)

by occupation:
NA

Italy

23.988 million

by occupation:
  • services 58%,
  • industry 32.2%,
  • agriculture 9.8% (1988)

Jersey

NA

Latvia

1.407 million

by occupation:
  • industry and construction 41%,
  • agriculture and forestry 16%,
  • other 43% (1990)

Liechtenstein

19,905 of which 11,933 are foreigners; 6,885 commute from Austria and Switzerland to work each day

by occupation:
industry, trade, and building 53.2%, services 45%, agriculture, fishing, forestry, and horticulture 1.8% (1990)

Lithuania

1.836 million

by occupation:
  • industry and construction 42%,
  • agriculture and forestry 18%,
  • other 40% (1990)

Luxembourg

177,300 one-third of labor force is foreign workers, mostly from Portugal, Italy, France, Belgium, and Germany

by occupation:
  • services 65%,
  • industry 31.6%,
  • agriculture 3.4% (1988)

Malta

127,200

by occupation:
  • government (excluding job corps) 37%,
  • services 26%,
  • manufacturing 22%,
  • training programs 9%,
  • construction 4%,
  • agriculture 2% (1990)

Moldova

2.095 million

by occupation:
  • agriculture 34.4%,
  • industry 20.1%,
  • other 45.5% (1985 figures)

Monaco

NA

Netherlands

5.3 million

by occupation:
  • services 50.1%,
  • manufacturing and construction 28.2%,
  • government 15.9%,
  • agriculture 5.8% (1986)

Macedonia now North Macedonia

507,324

by occupation:
agriculture 8%, manufacturing and mining 40% (1990)

Norway

2.004 million (1992)

by occupation:
services 39.1%, commerce 17.6%, mining, oil, and manufacturing 16.0%, banking and financial services 7.6%, transportation and communications 7.8%, construction 6.1%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 5.5% (1989)

Poland

15.609 million

by occupation:
industry and construction 34.4%, agriculture 27.3%, trade, transport, and communications 16.1%, government and other 22.2% (1991)

Portugal

4,605,700

by occupation:
  • services 45%,
  • industry 35%,
  • agriculture 20% (1988)

Romania

10,945,700

by occupation:
  • industry 38%,
  • agriculture 28%,
  • other 34% (1989)

San Marino

4,300 (est.)

by occupation:
NA

Serbia and Montenegro

2,640,909

by occupation:
  • industry,
  • mining 40%,
  • agriculture 5% (1990)

Slovakia

2.484 million

by occupation:
  • industry 33.2%,
  • agriculture 12.2%,
  • construction 10.3%,
  • communication and other 44.3% (1990)

Slovenia

786,036

by occupation:
agriculture 2%, manufacturing and mining 46%

Spain

14.621 million

by occupation:
  • services 53%,
  • industry 24%,
  • agriculture 14%,
  • construction 9% (1988)

Sweden

4.552 million

by occupation:
community, social and personal services 38.3%, mining and manufacturing 21.2%, commerce, hotels, and restaurants 14.1%, banking, insurance 9.0%, communications 7.2%, construction 7.0%, agriculture, fishing, and forestry 3.2% (1991)

Switzerland

3.31 million (904,095 foreign workers, mostly Italian)

by occupation:
  • services 50%,
  • industry and crafts 33%,
  • government 10%,
  • agriculture and forestry 6%,
  • other 1% (1989)

Ukraine

25.277 million

by occupation:
industry and construction 41%, agriculture and forestry 19%, health, education, and culture 18%, trade and distribution 8%, transport and communication 7%, other 7% (1990)

United Kingdom

28.048 million

by occupation:
  • services 62.8%,
  • manufacturing and construction 25.0%,
  • government 9.1%,
  • energy 1.9%,
  • agriculture 1.2% (June 1992)

Middle East

17 entries

Bahrain

140,000

by occupation:
  • industry and commerce 85%,
  • agriculture 5%,
  • services 5%,
  • government 3% (1982)

note: 42% of labor force is Bahraini

Cyprus

Greek area:
282,000
by occupation:
  • services 57%,
  • industry 29%,
  • agriculture 14% (1991)
Turkish area:
72,000
by occupation:
  • services 57%,
  • industry 22%,
  • agriculture 21% (1991)

Gaza Strip

NA

by occupation:
  • small industry,
  • commerce and business 32.0%,
  • construction 24.4%,
  • service and other 25.5%,
  • agriculture 18.1% (1984)

note: excluding Israeli Jewish settlers

Iran

15.4 million

by occupation:
agriculture 33%, manufacturing 21%

note: shortage of skilled labor (1988 est.)

Iraq

4.4 million (1989)

by occupation:
  • services 48%,
  • agriculture 30%,
  • industry 22%

note: severe labor shortage; expatriate labor force was about 1,600,000 (July 1990); since then, it has declined substantially

Israel

1.4 million (1984 est.)

by occupation:
public services 29.3%, industry, mining, and manufacturing 22.8%, commerce 12.8%, finance and business 9.5%, transport, storage, and communications 6.8%, construction and public works 6.5%, personal and other services 5.8%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 5.5%, electricity and water 1.0% (1983)

Jordan

572,000 (1988)

by occupation:
agriculture 20%, manufacturing and mining 20% (1987 est.)

Kuwait

566,000 (1986)

by occupation:
  • services 45.0%,
  • construction 20.0%,
  • trade 12.0%,
  • manufacturing 8.6%,
  • finance and real estate 2.6%,
  • agriculture 1.9%,
  • power and water 1.7%,
  • mining and quarrying 1.4%

note: 70% of labor force was non-Kuwaiti (1986)

Lebanon

650,000

by occupation:
industry, commerce, and services 79%, agriculture 11%, government 10% (1985)

Oman

430,000

by occupation:
agriculture 40% (est.)

Qatar

  • 104,000 85% non-Qatari in private sector (1983)

Saudi Arabia

5 million

by occupation:
  • government 34%,
  • industry and oil 28%,
  • services 22%,
  • agriculture 16%

Syria

2.951 million (1989)

by occupation:
  • miscellaneous and government services 36%,
  • agriculture 32%,
  • industry and construction 32%;
  • note - shortage of skilled labor (1984)

Turkey now Turkiye

20.7 million

by occupation:
  • agriculture 50%,
  • services 35%,
  • industry 15%

note: about 1,800,000 Turks work abroad (1991)

United Arab Emirates

580,000 (1986 est.)

by occupation:
  • industry and commerce 85%,
  • agriculture 5%,
  • services 5%,
  • government 5%

note: 80% of labor force is foreign

West Bank

NA

by occupation:
small industry, commerce, and business 29.8%, construction 24.2%, agriculture 22.4%, service and other 23.6% (1984)

note: excluding Israeli Jewish settlers

Yemen

North:
NA
by occupation:
agriculture and herding 70%, expatriate laborers 30% (est.)
South:
477,000
by occupation:
  • agriculture 45.2%,
  • services 21.2%,
  • construction 13.4%,
  • industry 10.6%,
  • commerce and other 9.6% (1983)

North America

5 entries

Bermuda

32,000

by occupation:
  • clerical 25%,
  • services 22%,
  • laborers 21%,
  • professional and technical 13%,
  • administrative and managerial 10%,
  • sales 7%,
  • agriculture and fishing 2% (1984)

Canada

13.38 million

by occupation:
  • services 75%,
  • manufacturing 14%,
  • agriculture 4%,
  • construction 3%,
  • other 4% (1988)

Mexico

26.2 million (1990)

by occupation:
services 31.7%, agriculture, forestry, hunting, and fishing 28%, commerce 14.6%, manufacturing 11.1%, construction 8.4%, transportation 4.7%, mining and quarrying 1.5%

Saint Pierre and Miquelon

2,850 (1988)

by occupation:
NA

United States

128.548 million (includes armed forces and unemployed; civilian labor force 126.982 million) (1992)

by occupation:
NA

Oceania

25 entries

American Samoa

14,400 (1990)

by occupation:
  • government 33%,
  • tuna canneries 34%,
  • other 33% (1990)

Australia

8.63 million (September 1991)

by occupation:
  • finance and services 33.8%,
  • public and community services 22.3%,
  • wholesale and retail trade 20.1%,
  • manufacturing and industry 16.2%,
  • agriculture 6.1% (1987)

Cook Islands

5,810

by occupation:
  • agriculture 29%,
  • government 27%,
  • services 25%,
  • industry 15%,
  • other 4% (1981)

Fiji

235,000

by occupation:
  • subsistence agriculture 67%,
  • wage earners 18%,
  • salary earners 15% (1987)

French Polynesia

76,630 employed (1988)

Guam

46,930 (1990)

by occupation:
federal and territorial government 40%, private 60% (trade 18%, services 15.6%, construction 13.8%, other 12.6%) (1990)

Kiribati

  • 7,870 economically active, not including subsistence farmers (1985 est.)

Marshall Islands

4,800 (1986)

by occupation:
NA

Micronesia, Federated States of now Federated States of Micronesia

NA

by occupation:
two-thirds are government employees

note: 45,000 people are between the ages of 15 and 65

Nauru

by occupation:
NA

New Caledonia

50,469 foreign workers for plantations and mines from Wallis and Futuna, Vanuatu, and French Polynesia (1980 est.)

by occupation:
NA

New Zealand

1,603,500 (June 1991)

by occupation:
  • services 67.4%,
  • manufacturing 19.8%,
  • primary production 9.3% (1987)

Niue

1,000 (1981 est.)

by occupation:
most work on family plantations; paid work exists only in government service, small industry, and the Niue Development Board

Norfolk Island

NA

Northern Mariana Islands

7,476 total indigenous labor force, 2,699 unemployed; 21,188 foreign workers (1990)

by occupation:
NA

Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the (Palau) now Palau

NA

by occupation:
NA

Papua New Guinea

NA

Pitcairn Islands

NA

by occupation:
  • no business community in the usual sense;
  • some public works;
  • subsistence farming and fishing

Western Samoa now Samoa

38,000

by occupation:
agriculture 22,000 (1987 est.)

Solomon Islands

23,448 economically active

by occupation:
agriculture, forestry, and fishing 32.4%, services 25%, construction, manufacturing, and mining 7.0%, commerce, transport, and finance 4.7% (1984)

Tokelau

NA

Tonga

NA

by occupation:
agriculture 70%, mining (600 engaged in mining)

Tuvalu

NA

by occupation:
NA

Vanuatu

NA

by occupation:
NA

Wallis and Futuna

NA

by occupation:
agriculture, livestock, and fishing 80%, government 4% (est.)

South America

14 entries

Argentina

10.9 million

by occupation:
  • agriculture 12%,
  • industry 31%,
  • services 57% (1985 est.)

Bolivia

1.7 million

by occupation:
  • agriculture 50%,
  • services and utilities 26%,
  • manufacturing 10%,
  • mining 4%,
  • other 10% (1983)

Brazil

57 million (1989 est.)

by occupation:
  • services 42%,
  • agriculture 31%,
  • industry 27%

Chile

4.728 million

by occupation:
services 38.3% (includes government 12%), industry and commerce 33.8%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 19.2%, mining 2.3%, construction 6.4% (1990)

Colombia

12 million (1990)

by occupation:
  • services 46%,
  • agriculture 30%,
  • industry 24% (1990)

Ecuador

2.8 million

by occupation:
  • agriculture 35%,
  • manufacturing 21%,
  • commerce 16%,
  • services and other activities 28% (1982)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

1,100 (est.)

by occupation:
agriculture 95% (mostly sheepherding)

French Guiana

23,265

by occupation:
services, government, and commerce 60.6%, industry 21.2%, agriculture 18.2% (1980)

Guyana

268,000

by occupation:
  • industry and commerce 44.5%,
  • agriculture 33.8%,
  • services 21.7%

note: public-sector employment amounts to 60-80% of the total labor force (1985)

Paraguay

1.641 million (1992 est.)

by occupation:
  • agriculture,
  • industry and commerce,
  • services,
  • government (1986)

Peru

8 million (1992)

by occupation:
  • government and other services 44%,
  • agriculture 37%,
  • industry 19% (1988 est.)

Suriname

104,000 (1984)

by occupation:
NA

Uruguay

1.355 million (1991 est.)

by occupation:
government 25%, manufacturing 19%, agriculture 11%, commerce 12%, utilities, construction, transport, and communications 12%, other services 21% (1988 est.)

Venezuela

5.8 million

by occupation:
  • services 56%,
  • industry 28%,
  • agriculture 16% (1985)

Southeast Asia

15 entries

Brunei

89,000 (includes members of the Army)

by occupation:
government 47.5%, production of oil, natural gas, services, and construction 41.9%, agriculture, forestry, and fishing 3.8% (1986)

note: 33% of labor force is foreign (1988)

Burma now Burma (Myanmar)

16.007 million (1992)

by occupation:
  • agriculture 65.2%,
  • industry 14.3%,
  • trade 10.1%,
  • government 6.3%,
  • other 4.1% (FY89 est.)

Cambodia

2,500,000 to 3,000,000

by occupation:
agriculture 80% (1988 est.)

Christmas Island

NA

by occupation:
all workers are employees of the Phosphate Mining Company of Christmas Island, Ltd.

Cocos (Keeling) Islands

NA

Hong Kong

2.8 million (1990)

by occupation:
manufacturing 28.5%, wholesale and retail trade, restaurants, and hotels 27.9%, services 17.7%, financing, insurance, and real estate 9.2%, transport and communications 4.5%, construction 2.5%, other 9.7% (1989)

Indonesia

67 million

by occupation:
  • agriculture 55%,
  • manufacturing 10%,
  • construction 4%,
  • transport and communications 3% (1985 est.)

Laos

1-1.5 million

by occupation:
agriculture 85-90% (est.)

Macau

180,000 (1986)

by occupation:
NA

Malaysia

7.258 million (1991 est.)

Philippines

24.12 million

by occupation:
  • agriculture 46%,
  • industry and commerce 16%,
  • services 18.5%,
  • government 10%,
  • other 9.5% (1989)

Singapore

1,485,800

by occupation:
financial, business, and other services 30.2%, manufacturing 28.4%, commerce 22.0%, construction 9.0%, other 10.4% (1990)

Taiwan

7.9 million

by occupation:
  • industry and commerce 53%,
  • services 22%,
  • agriculture 15.6%,
  • civil administration 7% (1989)

Thailand

30.87 million

by occupation:
  • agriculture 62%,
  • industry 13%,
  • commerce 11%,
  • services (including government) 14% (1989 est.)

Vietnam

32.7 million

by occupation:
agricultural 65%, industrial and service 35% (1990 est.)

Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook 1993, “Labor force”, all entries. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/fields/labor-force/1993.

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