The CIA World Factbook Edition 1997 Economy

Exchange rates In 36 editions of 36.

Exchange rates was published in 36 editions of the CIA World Factbook, from 1990 to 2025. The 1997 edition carries it in 235 entries, in its Economy section, under the heading “Currency”. Every entry is shown as that edition published it.

entries in the 1997 edition
235
the first edition with it
1990
the latest edition with it
2025

Published as “Exchange rates” (1990 to 2025), “Currency” (1990 to 2004), “Currency (code)” (2005 to 2008) and “Currency code” (2001 to 2004).

the entry has the field in that editionnot in that editionthe open editionEach entry below ends in its editions with Exchange rates, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down; choose one in a row to read that edition’s text there.

1997

Every edition with Exchange rates

Entries with Exchange rates in each edition

19902000201020202025

Select a bar to open that edition.

Africa

57 entries

Algeria

Published as “Currency”

1 Algerian dinar (DA) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

Algerian dinars (DA) per US$1 - 57.136 (January 1997), 54.749 (1996), 47.663 (1995), 35.059 (1994), 23.345 (1993), 21.836 (1992)

Angola

Published as “Currency”

1 new kwanza (NKz) = 100 lwei

Published as “Exchange rates”

new kwanza (NKz) per US$1 - 201,994 (November 1996), 900,000 (25 April 1995), 600,000 (10 January 1995), 90,000 (1 June 1994), 7,000 (16 December 1993), 3.884 (July 1993), 550 (April 1992)

note: black market rates - new Kwanza (NKz) per US$1 - 1,900,000 (6 April 1995), 180,000 (1 June 1994), 50,000 (16 December 1993)

Benin

Published as “Currency”

1 Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

CFA francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 541.69 (January 1997), 511.55 (1996), 499.15 (1995), 555.20 (1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992)

note: beginning 12 January 1994 the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF 100 per French franc from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since 1948

Botswana

Published as “Currency”

1 pula (P) = 100 thebe

Published as “Exchange rates”

pula (P) per US$1 - 3.6417 (January 1997), 3.3014 (1996), 2.7716 (1995), 2.6831 (1994), 2.4190 (1993), 2.1327 (1992)

Burkina Faso

Published as “Currency”

1 Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

CFA francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 541.69 (January 1997), 511.55 (1996), 499.15 (1995), 555.20 (1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992)

note: beginning 12 January 1994 the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF 100 per French franc from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since 1948

Burundi

Published as “Currency”

1 Burundi franc (FBu) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

Burundi francs (FBu) per US$1 - 268.13 (November 1995), 249.76 (1995), 252.66 (1994), 242.78 (1993), 208.30 (1992), 181.51 (1991)

Cape Verde now Cabo Verde

Published as “Currency”

1 Cape Verdean escudo (CVEsc) = 100 centavos

Published as “Exchange rates”

Cape Verdean escudos (CVEsc) per US$1 - 84.770 (December 1996), 82.591 (1996), 76.853 (1995), 81.891 (1994), 80.427 (1993), 68.018 (1992)

Cameroon

Published as “Currency”

1 Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

CFA francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 541.69 (January 1997), 511.55 (1996), 499.15 (1995), 555.20 (1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992), 282.11 (1991)

note: beginning 12 January 1994, the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF 100 per French franc from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since 1948

Central African Republic

Published as “Currency”

1 Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

CFA francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 541.69 (January 1997), 511.55 (1996), 499.15 (1995), 555.20 (1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992)

note: beginning 12 January 1994, the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF 100 per French franc from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since 1948

Chad

Published as “Currency”

1 Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

CFA Francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 541.69 (January 1997), 511.55 (1996), 499.15 (1995), 555.20 (1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992)

note: beginning 12 January 1994 the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF 100 per French franc from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since 1948

Comoros

Published as “Currency”

1 Comoran franc (CF) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

Comoran francs (CF) per US$1 - 406.27 (January 1997), 383.66 (1996), 374.36 (1995), 416.40 (1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992)

note: beginning 12 January 1994, the Comoran franc was devalued to 75 per French franc from 50 per French franc at which it had been fixed since 1948

Congo, Democratic Republic of the now Democratic Republic of the Congo

Published as “Currency”

1 zaire (Z) = 100 makuta

Published as “Exchange rates”

new zaires (Z) per US$1 - 83,764 (October 1996), 7,024 (1995), 1,194 (1994), 3 (1993); zaire (Z) per US$1 - 645,549 (1992)

note: on 22 October 1993 the new zaire, equal to 3,000,000 old zaires, was introduced

Congo, Republic of the now Republic of the Congo

Published as “Currency”

1 Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

CFA francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 541.69 (January 1997), 511.55 (1996), 499.15 (1995), 555.20 (1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992)

note: beginning 12 January 1994, the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF 100 per French franc from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since 1948

Cote d'Ivoire

Published as “Currency”

1 Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

CFA francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 541.69 (January 1997), 511.55 (1996), 499.15 (1995), 555.20 (1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992)

note : beginning 12 January 1994, the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF 100 per French franc from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since 1948

Djibouti

Published as “Currency”

1 Djiboutian franc (DF) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

Djiboutian francs (DF) per US$1 - 177.721 (fixed rate since 1973)

Egypt

Published as “Currency”

1 Egyptian pound (£E) = 100 piasters

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • Egyptian pounds (£E) per US$1 - 3.4 (November 1994), 3.369 (November 1993), 3.345 (November 1992);
  • market rate - 3.3900 (January 1997), 3.3880 (1996), 3.3900 (1995), 3.3910 (1994), 3.3718 (1993), 3.3386 (1992)

Equatorial Guinea

Published as “Currency”

1 Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

CFA francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 541.69 (January 1997), 511.55 (1996), 499.15 (1995), 555.20 (1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992)

note: beginning 12 January 1994, the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF 100 per French franc from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since 1948

Eritrea

Published as “Currency”

  • 1 birr (Br) = 100 cents;
  • at present, Ethiopian currency used;
  • note - new Eritrean currency, the nakfa, to be circulated in 1997

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • birr (Br) per US$1 (end of the period) - 6.4260 (December 1996), 6.4260 (1996), 6.3200 (1995), 5.9500 (1994), 5.000 (fixed rate 1992-93);
  • note - following independence from Ethiopia, Eritrea continued to use Ethiopian currency

note: since May 1993, the birr market rate has been determined in an interbank market supported by weekly wholesale auction; prior to that date, the official rate was pegged to US$1 = 5.000 birr

Swaziland now Eswatini

Published as “Currency”

1 lilangeni (E) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • emalangeni (E) per US$1 - 4.6410 (January 1997), 4.2706 (1996), 3.6266 (1995), 3.5490 (1994), 3.2636 (1993), 2.8497 (1992);
  • note - the Swazi emalangeni are at par with the South African rand

Ethiopia

Published as “Currency”

1 birr (Br) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

birr (Br) per US$1 (end of period) - 6.4260 (December 1996), 6.4260 (1996), 6.3200 (1995), 5.9500 (1994), 5.0000 (fixed rate 1992-93); fixed at 2.070 before 1992

note: since May 1993, the birr market rate has been determined in an interbank market supported by weekly wholesale auction; prior to that date, the official rate was pegged to US$1 = 5.000 birr

Gabon

Published as “Currency”

1 Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

CFA francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 541.69 (January 1997), 511.55 (1996), 499.15 (1995), 555.20 (1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992)

note: beginning 12 January 1994, the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF 100 per French franc from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since 1948

The Gambia

Published as “Currency”

1 dalasi (D) = 100 butut

Published as “Exchange rates”

dalasi (D) per US$1 - 9.875 (November 1996), 9.546 (1995), 9.576 (1994), 9.129 (1993), 8.888 (1992)

Ghana

Published as “Currency”

1 new cedi (C) = 100 pesewas

Published as “Exchange rates”

new cedis per US$1 - 1,718.31 (October 1996), 1,200.43 (1995), 956.71 (1994), 649.06 (1993), 437.09 (1992)

Guinea

Published as “Currency”

1 Guinean franc (FG) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

Guinean francs (FG) per US$1 - 1,004.0 (January 1997), 1,006.8 (November 1996), 991.4 (1995), 976.6 (1994), 955.5 (1993), 902.0 (1992)

note: the official exchange rate of the Guinean franc was set and quoted weekly against the US dollar until end-October 1993; since 1 November 1994, the exchange rate is determined in the interbank market for foreign exchange

Guinea-Bissau

Published as “Currency”

1 Guinea-Bissauan peso (PG) = 100 centavos

Published as “Exchange rates”

Guinea-Bissauan pesos (PG) per US$1 - 33,910 (December 1996), 26,373 (1996), 18,073 (1995), 12,892 (1994), 10,082 (1993), 6,934 (1992)

Kenya

Published as “Currency”

1 Kenyan shilling (KSh) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Kenyan shillings (KSh) per US$1 - 54.738 (January 1997), 57.115 (1996), 51.430 (1995), 56.051 (1994), 58.001 (1993), 32.217 (1992)

Lesotho

Published as “Currency”

1 loti (L) = 100 lisente

note : maloti (M) is the plural form of loti

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • maloti (M) per US$1 - 4.6410 (January 1997), 4.2706 (1996), 3.6266 (1995), 3.5490 (1994), 3.2636 (1993), 2.8497 (1992);
  • note - the Basotho loti is at par with the South African rand

Liberia

Published as “Currency”

1 Liberian dollar (L$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • Liberian dollars (L$) per US$1 - 1.0000 (officially fixed rate since 1940);
  • market exchange rate: Liberian dollars (L$) per US$1 - 50 (October 1995), 7 (January 1992);
  • market rate floats against the US dollar

Libya

Published as “Currency”

1 Libyan dinar (LD) = 1,000 dirhams

Published as “Exchange rates”

Libyan dinars (LD) per US$1 - 0.3764 (January 1997), 0.3651 (1996), 0.3532 (1995), 0.3596 (1994), 0.3250 (1993), 0.3013 (1992)

Madagascar

Published as “Currency”

1 Malagasy franc (FMG) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

Malagasy francs (FMG) per US$1 - 3,950 (November 1996), 3,974.9 (August 1996), 4,265.6 (1995), 3,067.3 (1994), 1,913.8 (1993), 1,864.0 (1992)

Malawi

Published as “Currency”

1 Malawian kwacha (MK) = 100 tambala

Published as “Exchange rates”

Malawian kwacha (MK) per US$1 - 15.3118 (September 1996), 15.2837 (1995), 8.7364 (1994), 4.4028 (1993), 3.6033 (1992)

Mali

Published as “Currency”

1 Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

CFA francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 541.69 (January 1997), 511.55 (1996), 499.15 (1995), 555.20 (1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992)

note: beginning 12 January 1994, the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF 100 per French franc from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since 1948

Mauritania

Published as “Currency”

1 ouguiya (UM) = 5 khoums

Published as “Exchange rates”

ouguiyas (UM) per US$1 - 141.230 (December 1996), 137.222 (1996), 129.768 (1995), 123.575 (1994), 120.806 (1993), 87.027 (1992)

Mauritius

Published as “Currency”

1 Mauritian rupee (MauR) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Mauritian rupees (MauRs) per US$1 - 18.528 (January 1997), 17.948 (1996), 17.386 (1995), 17.960 (1994), 17.648 (1993), 15.563 (1992)

Mayotte

Published as “Currency”

1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4169 (January 1997), 5.1155 (1996), 4.9915 (1995), 5.5520 (1994), 5.6632 (1993), 5.2938 (1992)

Morocco

Published as “Currency”

1 Moroccan dirham (DH) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

Moroccan dirhams (DH) per US$1 - 9.018 (January 1997), 8.716 (1996), 8.540 (1995), 9.203 (1994), 9.299 (1993), 8.538 (1992)

Mozambique

Published as “Currency”

1 metical (Mt) = 100 centavos

Published as “Exchange rates”

meticais (Mt) per US$1 - 11,455.0 (December 1996), 11,293.8 (1996), 9,024.3 (1995), 6,038.6 (1994), 3,874.2 (1993), 2,516.5 (1992)

Namibia

Published as “Currency”

1 Namibian dollar (N$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Nambian dollars (N$) per US$1 - 4.64152 (January 1997), 4.29935 (1996), 3.62709 (1995), 3.55080 (1994), 3.26774 (1993), 2.85201 (1992)

Niger

Published as “Currency”

1 Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

CFA francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 541.69 (January 1997), 511.55 (1996), 499.15 (1995), 555.20 (1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992)

note: beginning 12 January 1994, the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF 100 per French franc from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since 1948

Nigeria

Published as “Currency”

1 naira (N) = 100 kobo

Published as “Exchange rates”

naira (N) per US$1 - 21.886 (October 1996), 21.895 (1995), 21.996 (1994), 22.065 (1993), 17.298 (1992)

Reunion

Published as “Currency”

1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4169 (January 1997), 5.1155 (1996), 4.9915 (1995), 5.5520 (1994), 5.6632 (1993), 5.2938 (1992)

Rwanda

Published as “Currency”

1 Rwandan franc (RF) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

Rwandan francs (RF) per US$1 - 309.85 (December 1996), 306.82 (1996), 262.20 (1995), 144.31 (1993), 133.35 (1992)

Saint Helena now Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha

Published as “Currency”

1 Saint Helenian pound (£S) = 100 pence

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • Saint Helenian pounds (£S) per US$1 - 0.6023 (January 1997), 0.6403 (1996), 0.6335 (1995), 0.6529 (1994), 0.6658 (1993), 0.5664 (1992);
  • note - the Saint Helenian pound is at par with the British pound

Sao Tome and Principe

Published as “Currency”

1 dobra (Db) = 100 centimos

Published as “Exchange rates”

dobras (Db) per US$1 - 2,500 (November 1996), 1,610 (May 1995), 129.59 (1 July 1993), 230 (1992), 260.0 (November 1991)

Senegal

Published as “Currency”

1 Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

CFA francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 541.69 (January 1997), 511.55 (1966), 499.15 (1995), 555.20 (1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992)

note: beginning 12 January 1994, the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF 100 per French franc from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since 1948

Seychelles

Published as “Currency”

1 Seychelles rupee (SRe) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Seychelles rupees (SRe) per US$1 - 4.9968 (January 1997), 4.9700 (1996), 4.7620 (1995), 5.0559 (1994), 5.1815 (1993), 5.1220 (1992)

Sierra Leone

Published as “Currency”

1 leone (Le) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

leones (Le) per US$1 - 908.08 (January 1997), 920.73 (1996), 755.22 (1995), 586.74 (1994), 567.46 (1993), 499.44 (1992)

Somalia

Published as “Currency”

1 Somali shilling (So. Sh.) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Somali shillings (So. Sh.) per US$1 - 4,100 (November 1996 est.), 7,000 (January 1996 est.), 5,000 (1 January 1995), 2,616 (1 July 1993), 4,200 (December 1992)

South Africa

Published as “Currency”

1 rand (R) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

rand (R) per US$1 - 4.6410 (January 1997), 4.2706 (1996), 3.6266 (1995), 3.5490 (1994), 3.2636 (1993), 2.8497 (1992)

Sudan

Published as “Currency”

1 Sudanese pound (£Sd) = 100 piastres

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • Sudanese pounds (£Sd) per US$1 - official rate: 1,454.0 (December 1996), 750.0 (November 1995), 277.8 (1994), 153.8 (1993), 69.4 (1992);
  • market rate: 1,4600.00 (January 1997), 1,250.79 (1996), 571.02 (August 1995), 289.61 (1994), 159.31 (1993), 97.43 (1992)

note : the market rate is a unified exchange rate determined by a committee of local bankers, without official intervention, and is quoted uniformly by all commercial banks

Tanzania

Published as “Currency”

1 Tanzanian shilling (TSh) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Tanzanian shillings (TSh) per US$1 - 597.27 (January 1997), 579.98 (1996), 574.76 (1995), 509.63 (1994), 405.27 (1993), 297.71 (1992)

Togo

Published as “Currency”

1 Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

CFA francs (CFAF) per US$1 - 541.69 (January 1997), 511.55 (1996), 499.15 (1995), 555.20 (1994), 283.16 (1993), 264.69 (1992)

note: beginning 12 January 1994, the CFA franc was devalued to CFAF 100 per French franc from CFAF 50 at which it had been fixed since 1948

Tunisia

Published as “Currency”

1 Tunisian dinar (TD) = 1,000 millimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

Tunisian dinars (TD) per US$1 - 1.0075 (January 1997), 0.9985 (December 1996), 0.9733 (1996), 0.9458 (1995), 1.0116 (1994), 1.0037 (1993), 0.8844 (1992)

Uganda

Published as “Currency”

1 Ugandan shilling (USh) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Ugandan shillings (USh) per US$1 - 1,030.3 (December 1996), 1,046.1 (1996), 968.9 (1995), 979.4 (1994), 1,195.0 (1993), 1,133.8 (1992)

Western Sahara

Published as “Currency”

1 Moroccan dirham (DH) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

Moroccan dirhams (DH) per US$1 - 9.018 (January 1997), 8.716 (1996), 8.540 (1995), 9.203 (1994), 9.299 (1993), 8.538 (1992)

Zambia

Published as “Currency”

1 Zambian kwacha (ZK) = 100 ngwee

Published as “Exchange rates”

Zambian kwacha (ZK) per US$1 - 1,250 (January 1997), 1,250 (1996), 833.33 (1995), 769.23 (1994), 434.78 (1993), 156.25 (1992)

Zimbabwe

Published as “Currency”

1 Zimbabwean dollar (Z$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Zimbabwean dollars (Z$) per US$1 - 10.8696 (January 1997), 9.9206 (1996), 8.6580 (1995), 8.1500 (1994), 6.4725 (1993), 5.0942 (1992)

Arctic Region

3 entries

Greenland

Published as “Currency”

1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 oere

Published as “Exchange rates”

Danish kroner (DKr) per US$1 - 6.117 (January 1997), 5.799 (1996), 5.602 (1995), 6.361 (1994), 6.484 (1993), 6.036 (1992)

Iceland

Published as “Currency”

1 Icelandic krona (IKr) = 100 aurar

Published as “Exchange rates”

Icelandic kronur (IKr) per US$1 - 68.330 (January 1997), 66.500 (1996), 64.692 (1995), 69.944 (1994), 67.603 (1993), 57.546 (1992)

Svalbard

Published as “Currency”

1 Norwegian krone (NKr) = 100 oere

Published as “Exchange rates”

Norwegian kroner (NKr) per US$1 - 6.4475 (January 1997), 6.4498 (1996), 6.3352 (1995), 7.0576 (1994), 7.0941 (1993), 6.2145 (1992)

Asia

22 entries

Afghanistan

Published as “Currency”

1 afghani (AF) = 100 puls

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • afghanis (Af) per US$1 - 17,000 (December 1996), 7,000 (January 1995), 1,900 (January 1994), 1,019 (March 1993), 850 (1991);
  • note - these rates reflect the free market exchange rates rather than the official exchange rate, which is a fixed rate of 50.600 afghanis to the dollar

Armenia

Published as “Currency”

1 dram = 100 luma (introduced new currency in November 1993)

Published as “Exchange rates”

dram per US$1 - 443 (December 1996), 401.8 (end December 1995), 406 (end December 1994)

Azerbaijan

Published as “Currency”

1 manat = 100 gopik

Published as “Exchange rates”

manats per US$1 - 4,230 (November 1996), 4,375 (April 1996), 4,500 (April 1995), 4,168 (end of December 1994)

Bangladesh

Published as “Currency”

1 taka (Tk) = 100 poiska

Published as “Exchange rates”

taka (Tk) per US$1 - 42.450 (January 1997), 41.794 (1996), 40.278 (1995), 40.212 (1994), 39.567 (1993), 38.951 (1992)

Bhutan

Published as “Currency”

1 ngultrum (Nu) = 100 chetrum; note - Indian currency is also legal tender

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • ngultrum (Nu) per US$1 - 35.872 (January 1997), 35.433 (1996), 32.427 (1995), 31.374 (1994), 30.493 (1993), 25.918 (1992);
  • note - the Bhutanese ngultrum is at par with the Indian rupee

China

Published as “Currency”

1 yuan (¥) = 10 jiao

Published as “Exchange rates”

yuan (¥) per US$1 - 8.2963 (January 1997), 8.3142 (1996), 8.3514 (1995), 8.6187 (1994), 5.7620 (1993), 5.5146 (1992)

note: beginning 1 January 1994, the People's Bank of China quotes the midpoint rate against the US dollar based on the previous day's prevailing rate in the interbank foreign exchange market

Georgia

Published as “Currency”

lari introduced September 1995 replacing the coupon

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • lari per US$1 (end of period) - 1.28 (December 1996), 1.24 (December 1995)

India

Published as “Currency”

1 Indian rupee (Re) = 100 paise

Published as “Exchange rates”

Indian rupees (Rs) per US$1 - 35.872 (January 1997), 35.433 (1996), 32.427 (1995), 31.374 (1994), 30.493 (1993), 25.918 (1992)

Japan

Published as “Currency”

yen (¥)

Published as “Exchange rates”

yen (¥) per US$1 - 118.02 (January 1997), 108.78 (1996), 94.06 (1995), 102.21 (1994), 111.20 (1993), 126.65 (1992)

Kazakstan now Kazakhstan

Published as “Currency”

1 Kazakstani tenge = 100 tiyn

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • tenges per US$1 - 74.70 (January 1997), 67.30 (1996), 60.95 (1995), 35.54 (1994)

Korea, North now North Korea

Published as “Currency”

1 North Korean won (Wn) = 100 chon

Published as “Exchange rates”

North Korean won (Wn) per US$1 - 2.15 (May 1994), 2.13 (May 1992), 2.14 (September 1991), 2.1 (January 1990), 2.3 (December 1989)

Korea, South now South Korea

Published as “Currency”

1 South Korean won (W) = 100 chun (theoretical)

Published as “Exchange rates”

South Korean won (W) per US$1 - 849.88 (January 1997), 804.45 (1996), 771.27 (1995), 803.45 (1994), 802.67 (1993), 780.65 (1992)

Kyrgyzstan

Published as “Currency”

1 Kyrgyzstani som (KGS) = 100 tyiyn

Published as “Exchange rates”

soms (KGS) per US$1 - 14.6 (January 1997), 11.2 (yearend 1995), 10.6 (yearend 1994)

Maldives

Published as “Currency”

1 rufiyaa (Rf) = 100 laari

Published as “Exchange rates”

rufiyaa (Rf) per US$1 - 11.770 (January 1997), 11.770 (1996), 11.770 (1995), 11.586 (1994), 10.957 (1993), 10.569 (1992)

Mongolia

Published as “Currency”

1 tughrik (Tug) = 100 mongos

Published as “Exchange rates”

tughriks (Tug) per US$1 - 709.54 (January 1997), 548.40 (1996), 448.61 (1995), 412.72 (1994), 42.56 (1992)

Nepal

Published as “Currency”

1 Nepalese rupee (NR) = 100 paisa

Published as “Exchange rates”

Nepalese rupees (NRs) per US$1 - 57.030 (January 1997), 56.692 (1996), 51.890 (1995), 49.398 (1994), 48.607 (1993), 42.718 (1992)

Pakistan

Published as “Currency”

1 Pakistani rupee (PRe) = 100 paisa

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • Pakistani rupees (PRs) per US$1 - 40.120 (January 1997), 36.078 (1996), 31.643 (1995), 30.567 (1994), 28.1 (1993), 25.1 (1992);
  • note - annual average of official rate;
  • parallel market rate is higher

Russia

Published as “Currency”

1 ruble (R) = 100 kopeks

Published as “Exchange rates”

rubles per US$1 - 5,727 (March 1997), 5,121 (1996), 4,559 (1995), 2,191 (1994), 992 (1993)

Sri Lanka

Published as “Currency”

1 Sri Lankan rupee (SLRe) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Sri Lankan rupees (SLRes) per US$1 - 56.921 (January 1997), 55.271 (1996), 51.252 (1995), 49.415 (1994), 48.322 (1993), 43.830 (1992)

Tajikistan

Published as “Currency”

the Tajikistani ruble (TSR) = 100 tanga; Tajikistan introduced its own currency in May 1995

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • Tajikistani rubles (TJR) per US$1 - 350 (January 1997), 284 (January 1996)

Turkmenistan

Published as “Currency”

1 Tukmen manat (TMM) = 100 tenesi; Turkmenistan introduced its national currency on 1 November 1993

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • manats per US$1 - 4,070 (January 1997), 2,400 (January 1996)

note: government established a unified rate in mid-January 1996

Uzbekistan

Published as “Currency”

  • introduced provisional som-coupons 10 November 1993 which circulated parallel to the Russian rubles;
  • became the sole legal currency 31 January 1994;
  • was replaced in July 1994 by the som currency

Published as “Exchange rates”

Uzbekistani soms (UKS) per US$1 - 51.1 (January 1997), 35.8 (end December 1995), 25 (yearend 1994)

Central America and the Caribbean

31 entries

Anguilla

Published as “Currency”

1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (February 1997; fixed rate since 1976)

Antigua and Barbuda

Published as “Currency”

1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (February 1997; fixed rate since 1976)

Aruba

Published as “Currency”

1 Aruban florin (Af.) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Aruban florins (Af.) per US$1 - 1.7900 (fixed rate since 1986)

The Bahamas

Published as “Currency”

1 Bahamian dollar (B$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Bahamian dollar (B$) per US$1 - 1.00 (February 1997; fixed rate)

Barbados

Published as “Currency”

1 Barbadian dollar (Bds$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Barbadian dollars (Bds$) per US$1 - 2.0113 (fixed rate)

Belize

Published as “Currency”

1 Belizean dollar (Bz$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Belizean dollars (Bz$) per US$1 - 2.00 (fixed rate)

British Virgin Islands

Published as “Currency”

1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

US currency is used

Cayman Islands

Published as “Currency”

1 Caymanian dollar (CI$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Caymanian dollars (CI$) per US$1 - 0.83 (3 November 1995), 0.85 (22 November 1993)

Costa Rica

Published as “Currency”

1 Costa Rican colon (C) = 100 centimos

Published as “Exchange rates”

Costa Rican colones (C) per US$1 - 219.29 (December 1996), 207.69 (1996), 179.73 (1995), 157.07 (1994), 142.17 (1993), 134.51 (1992)

Cuba

Published as “Currency”

1 Cuban peso (Cu$) = 100 centavos

Published as “Exchange rates”

Cuban pesos (Cu$) per US$1 - 1.0000 (non-convertible, official rate, linked to the US dollar)

Dominica

Published as “Currency”

1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (February 1997; fixed rate since 1976)

Dominican Republic

Published as “Currency”

1 Dominican peso (RD$) = 100 centavos

Published as “Exchange rates”

Dominican pesos (RD$) per US$1 - 14.206 (January 1997), 13.775 (1996), 13.597 (1995), 13.160 (1994), 12.676 (1993), 12.774 (1992)

El Salvador

Published as “Currency”

1 Salvadoran colon (C) = 100 centavos

Published as “Exchange rates”

Salvadoran colones (C) per US$1 (end of period) - 8.755 (January 1997), 8.755 (1996), 8.755 (1995), 8.750 (1994), 8.670 (1993), 9.170 (1992), 8.080 (1991)

note: as of 1 June 1990, the rate is based on the average of the buying and selling rates, set on a weekly basis, for official receipts and payments, imports of petroleum, and coffee exports; prior to that date, a system of floating was in effect

Grenada

Published as “Currency”

1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (fixed rate since 1976)

Guadeloupe

Published as “Currency”

1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4169 (January 1997), 5.1155(1996), 4.9915 (1995), 5.5520 (1994), 5.6632 (1993), 5.2938 (1992)

Guatemala

Published as “Currency”

1 quetzal (Q) = 100 centavos

Published as “Exchange rates”

free market quetzales (Q) per US$1 - 6.0527 (January 1997), 6.0495 (1996), 5.8103 (1995), 5.7512 (1994), 5.6354 (1993), 5.1706 (1992)

Haiti

Published as “Currency”

1 gourde (G) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

gourdes (G) per US$1 (end of period) - 16.260 (January 1997), 15.093 (1996), 16.160 (1995), 12.947 (1994), 12.805 (1993), 10.953 (1992)

Honduras

Published as “Currency”

1 lempira (L) = 100 centavos

Published as “Exchange rates”

lempiras (L) per US$1 (end of period) - 13.0330 (January 1997), 12.8694 (1996), 10.3432 (1995), 9.4001 (1994), 7.2600 (1993), 5.8300 (1992)

Jamaica

Published as “Currency”

1 Jamaican dollar (J$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Jamaican dollars (J$) per US$1 - 34.952 (December 1996), 37.120 (1996), 35.142 (1995), 33.086 (1994), 24.949 (1993), 22.960 (1992)

Martinique

Published as “Currency”

1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4169 (January 1997), 5.1155 (1996), 4.9915 (1995), 5.5520 (1994), 5.6632 (1993), 5.2938 (1992)

Montserrat

Published as “Currency”

1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.70 (February 1997; fixed rate since 1976)

Netherlands Antilles

Published as “Currency”

1 Netherlands Antillean guilder, gulden, or florin (NAf.) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Netherlands Antillean guilders, gulden, or florins (NAf.) per US$1 - 1.790 (fixed rate since 1989)

Nicaragua

Published as “Currency”

1 gold cordoba (C$) = 100 centavos

Published as “Exchange rates”

gold cordobas (C$) per US$1 - 8.63 (September 1996), 7.55 (1995), 6.72 (1994), 5.62 (1993), 5.00 (1992)

Panama

Published as “Currency”

1 balboa (B) = 100 centesimos

Published as “Exchange rates”

balboas (B) per US$1 - 1.000 (fixed rate)

Puerto Rico

Published as “Currency”

1 US dollar (US$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

US currency is used

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Published as “Currency”

1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.7000 (fixed rate since 1976)

Saint Lucia

Published as “Currency”

1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.7000 (February 1997; fixed rate since 1976)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Published as “Currency”

1 EC dollar (EC$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1 - 2.7000 (February 1997; fixed rate since 1976)

Trinidad and Tobago

Published as “Currency”

1 Trinidad and Tobago dollar (TT$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Trinidad and Tobago dollars (TT$) per US$1 - 6.1791 (January 1997), 6.0051 (1996), 5.9478 (1995), 5.9249 (1994), 5.3511 (1993), 4.2500 (1992)

Turks and Caicos Islands

Published as “Currency”

1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

US currency is used

Virgin Islands

Published as “Currency”

1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

US currency is used

Europe

46 entries

Albania

Published as “Currency”

1 lek (L) = 100 qintars

Published as “Exchange rates”

leke (L) per US$1 - 150.00 (May 1997), 104.50 (1996), 92.70 (1995), 94.62 (1994), 102.06 (1993), 75.03 (1992)

Andorra

Published as “Currency”

  • 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes;
  • 1 peseta (Pta) = 100 centimos;
  • the French and Spanish currencies are used

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4169 (January 1997), 5.1155 (1996), 4.9915 (1995), 5.5520 (1994), 5.6632 (1993), 5.2938 (1992);
  • Spanish pesetas (Ptas) per US$1 - 134.77 (January 1997), 126.66 (1996), 124.69 (1995), 133.96 (1994), 127.26 (1993), 102.38 (1992)

Austria

Published as “Currency”

1 Austrian schilling (AS) = 100 groschen

Published as “Exchange rates”

Austrian schillings (AS) per US$1 - 11.302 (January 1997), 10.587 (1996), 10.081 (1995), 11.422 (1994), 11.632 (1993), 10.989 (1992)

Belarus

Published as “Currency”

Belarusian ruble (BR)

Published as “Exchange rates”

Belarusian rubles per US$1 - 16,613 (September monthly average 1996),15,500 (yearend 1996), 11,500 (yearend 1995), 10,600 (yearend 1994), 699 (yearend 1993), 15 (yearend 1992)

Belgium

Published as “Currency”

1 Belgian franc (BF) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

Belgian francs (BF) per US$1 - 33.067 (January 1997), 30.962 (1996), 29.480 (1995), 33.456 (1994), 34.597 (1993), 32.150 (1992)

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Published as “Currency”

  • 1 dinar = 100 para;
  • Croatian kuna used in Croat-held area;
  • old and new Serbian dinars used in Serb-held area;
  • the deutsche mark (DM) has supplanted local currencies throughout Bosnia

Published as “Exchange rates”

NA

Bulgaria

Published as “Currency”

1 lev (Lv) = 100 stotinki

Published as “Exchange rates”

leva (Lv) per US$1 - 483.4 (1996), 70.7 (1995), 54.2 (1994), 27.1 (1993), 23.3 (1992)

Croatia

Published as “Currency”

1 Croatian kuna (HRK) = 100 lipas

Published as “Exchange rates”

Croatian kuna per US$1 - 5.681 (January 1997), 5.434 (1996), 5.230 (1995), 5.996 (1994), 3.577 (1993)

Czech Republic now Czechia

Published as “Currency”

1 koruna (Kc) = 100 haleru

Published as “Exchange rates”

koruny (Kcs) per US$1 - 27.516 (January 1997), 27.145 (1996), 26.541 (1995), 28.785 (1994), 29.153 (1993), 28.26 (1992)

note: values before 1993 reflect Czechoslovak exchange rates

Denmark

Published as “Currency”

1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 oere

Published as “Exchange rates”

Danish kroner (DKr) per US$1 - 6.117 (January 1997), 5.799 (1996), 5.602 (1995), 6.361 (1994), 6.484 (1993), 6.036 (1992)

Estonia

Published as “Currency”

1 Estonian kroon (EEK) = 100 cents (introduced in August 1992)

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • krooni (EEK) per US$1 - 12.6 (January 1997), 12.410 (December 1996), 12.034 (1996), 11.465 (1995), 12.991 (1994), 13.223 (1993);
  • note - krooni are tied to the German deutsche mark at a fixed rate of 8 to 1

Faroe Islands

Published as “Currency”

1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 oere

Published as “Exchange rates”

Danish kroner (DKr) per US$1 - 6.117 (January 1997), 5.799 (1966), 5.602 (1995), 6.361 (1994), 6.484 (1993), 6.036 (1992)

Finland

Published as “Currency”

1 markka (FMk) or Finmark = 100 pennia

Published as “Exchange rates”

markkaa (FMk) per US$1 - 4.7765 (January 1997), 4.5936 (1996), 4.3667 (1995), 5.2235 (1994), 5.7123 (1993), 4.4794 (1992)

France

Published as “Currency”

1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4169 (January 1997), 5.1155 (1996), 4.9915 (1995), 5.5520 (1994), 5.6632 (1993), 5.2938 (1992)

Germany

Published as “Currency”

1 deutsche mark (DM) = 100 pfennige

Published as “Exchange rates”

deutsche marks (DM) per US$1 - 1.6043 (January 1997), 1.5048 (1996), 1.4331 (1995), 1.6228 (1994), 1.6533 (1993), 1.5617 (1992)

Gibraltar

Published as “Currency”

1 Gibraltar pound (£G) = 100 pence

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • Gibraltar pounds (£G) per US$1 - 0.6023 (January 1997), 0.6403 (1996), 0.6335 (1995), 0.6529 (1994), 0.6658 (1993), 0.5664 (1992);
  • note - the Gibraltar pound is at par with the British pound

Greece

Published as “Currency”

1 drachma (Dr) = 100 lepta

Published as “Exchange rates”

drachmae (Dr) per US$1 - 251.55 (January 1997), 240.71 (1996), 231.66 (1995), 242.60 (1994), 229.26 (1993), 190.62 (1992)

Guernsey

Published as “Currency”

1 Guernsey (£G) pound = 100 pence

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • Guernsey pounds (£G) per US$1 - 0.6023 (January 1997), 0.6403 (1996), 0.6335 (1995), 0.6529 (1994), 0.6658 (1993), 0.5664 (1992);
  • note - the Guernsey pound is at par with the British pound

Holy See (Vatican City)

Published as “Currency”

1 Vatican lira (VLit) = 100 centesimi

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • Vatican lire (VLit) per US$1 - 1568.1 (January 1997), 1,542.9 (1996), 1,628.9 (1995), 1,612.4 (1994), 1,573.7 (1993), 1,232.4 (1992);
  • note - the Vatican lira is at par with the Italian lira which circulates freely

Hungary

Published as “Currency”

1 forint (Ft) = 100 filler

Published as “Exchange rates”

forints per US$1 - 166.100 (January 1997), 152.647 (1996), 125.681 (1995),105.160 (1994), 91.933 (1993), 78.988 (1992)

Ireland

Published as “Currency”

1 Irish pound (£Ir) = 100 pence

Published as “Exchange rates”

Irish pounds (£Ir) per US$1 - 0.6123 (January 1997), 0.6248 (1996), 0.6235 (1995), 0.6676 (1994), 0.6816 (1993), 0.5864 (1992)

Man, Isle of now Isle of Man

Published as “Currency”

1 Manx pound (£M) = 100 pence

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • Manx pounds (£M) per US$1 - 0.6023 (January 1997), 0.6403 (1996), 0.6335 (1995), 0.6529 (1994), 0.6658 (1993), 0.5664 (1992);
  • the Manx pound is at par with the British pound

Italy

Published as “Currency”

1 Italian lira (Lit) = 100 centesimi

Published as “Exchange rates”

Italian lire (Lit) per US$1 - 1,568.1 (January 1997), 1,542.9 (1996), 1,628.9 (1995), 1,612.4 (1994), 1,573.7 (1993), 1,232.4 (1992)

Jersey

Published as “Currency”

1 Jersey pound (£J) = 100 pence

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • Jersey pounds (£J) per US$1 - 0.6023 (January 1997), 0.6403 (1996), 0.6335 (1995), 0.6529 (1994), 0.6658 (1993), 0.5664 (1992);
  • the Jersey pound is at par with the British pound

Latvia

Published as “Currency”

1 Latvian lat (LVL) = 100 santims; introduced NA March 1993

Published as “Exchange rates”

lats (LVL) per US$1 - 0.563 (January 1997), 0.551 (1996), 0.528 (1995), 0.560 (1994), 0.675 (1993), 0.736 (1992)

Liechtenstein

Published as “Currency”

1 Swiss franc, franken, or franco (SwF) = 100 centimes, rappen, or centesimi

Published as “Exchange rates”

Swiss francs, franken, or franchi (SwF) per US$1 - 1.3936 (January 1997), 1.2360 (1996), 1.1825 (1995), 1.3677 (1994), 1.4776 (1993), 1.4062 (1992)

Lithuania

Published as “Currency”

1 Lithuanian litas = 100 centas

Published as “Exchange rates”

litai per US$1 - 4.000 (January 1997), 4.000 (1996), 4.000 (1995), 3.978 (1994), 4.344 (1993), 1.773 (1992); note - fixed rate since 1 May 1994

Luxembourg

Published as “Currency”

1 Luxembourg franc (LuxF) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • Luxembourg francs (LuxF) per US$1 - 30.067 (January 1997), 30.962 (1996), 29.480 (1995), 33.456 (1994), 34.597 (1993), 32.150 (1992);
  • note - the Luxembourg franc is at par with the Belgian franc, which circulates freely in Luxembourg

Malta

Published as “Currency”

1 Maltese lira (LM) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Maltese liri (LM) per US$1 - 0.3677 (January 1997), 0.3604 (1996), 0.3529 (1995), 0.3776 (1994), 0.3821 (1993), 0.3178 (1992)

Moldova

Published as “Currency”

the Moldovan leu (MLD) (plural lei) was introduced in late 1993

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • lei (MLD) per US$1 (end of period) - 4.6870 (January 1997), 4.6743 (1996), 4.4990 (1995), 4.2700 (1994), 3.6400 (1993), 0.4145 (1992);
  • period average - 4.6121 (August 1996), 4.4958 (1995)

Monaco

Published as “Currency”

1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4169(January 1997), 5.1155 (1996), 4.9915 (1995), 5.5520 (1994), 5.6632 (1993), 5.2938 (1992)

Netherlands

Published as “Currency”

1 Netherlands guilder, gulden, or florin (f.) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Netherlands guilders, gulden, or florins (f.) per US$1 - 1.8009 (January 1997), 1.6859 (1996), 1.6057 (1995), 1.8200 (1994), 1.8573 (1993), 1.7585 (1992)

Macedonia, now North Macedonia

Published as “Currency”

1 Macedonian denar (MKD) = 100 deni

Published as “Exchange rates”

denar per US$1 - 40.5 (September 1996), 38.8 (December 1995), 39 (November 1994), 865 (October 1992)

Norway

Published as “Currency”

1 Norwegian krone (NKr) = 100 oere

Published as “Exchange rates”

Norwegian kroner (NKr) per US$1 - 6.4475 (January 1997), 6.4498 (1996), 6.3352 (1995), 7.0576 (1994), 7.0941 (1993), 6.2145 (1992)

Poland

Published as “Currency”

1 zloty (Zl) = 100 groszy

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • zlotych (Zl) per US$1 - 2.8158 (January 1997), 2.4250 (1995);
  • note - a currency reform on 1 January 1995 replaced 10,000 old zlotys with 1 new zloty;
  • 22,723 (1994), 18,115 (1993), 13,626 (1992)

Portugal

Published as “Currency”

1 Portuguese escudo (Esc) = 100 centavos

Published as “Exchange rates”

Portuguese escudos (Esc) per US$1 - 160.35 (January 1997), 154.24 (1996), 151.11 (1995), 165.99 (1994), 160.80 (1993), 135.00 (1992)

Romania

Published as “Currency”

1 leu (L) = 100 bani

Published as “Exchange rates”

lei (L) per US$1 - 5,970 (January 1997), 3,085.39 (1996), 2,033.28 (1995), 1,655.09 (1994), 760.05 (1993), 307.95 (1992)

San Marino

Published as “Currency”

1 Italian lire (Lit) = 100 centesimi; note - also mints its own coins

Published as “Exchange rates”

Italian lire (Lit) per US$1 - 1,568.1 (January 1997), 1,542.9 (1996), 1,628.9 (1995), 1,612.4 (1994), 1,573.7 (1993), 1,232.4 (1992)

Serbia and Montenegro

Published as “Currency”

1 Yugoslav New Dinar (YD) = 100 paras

Published as “Exchange rates”

Yugoslav New Dinars (YD) per US $1 - official rate: 4.9 (September 1996) 1.5 (early 1995); black market rate: 2 to 3 (early 1995)

Slovakia

Published as “Currency”

1 koruna (Sk) = 100 halierov

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • koruny (Sk) per US$1 - 31.50 (January 1997), 30.654 (1996), 29.713 (1995), 32.045 (1994), 30.770 (1993), 28.26 (1992), 29.53 (1991);
  • note - values before 1993 reflect Czechoslovak exchange rate

Slovenia

Published as “Currency”

1 tolar (SlT) = 100 stotins

Published as “Exchange rates”

tolars (SlT) per US$1 - 141.15 (December 1996), 135.36 (1996), 118.52 (1995), 128.81 (1994), 113.24 (1993), 81.29 (1992)

Spain

Published as “Currency”

1 peseta (Pta) = 100 centimos

Published as “Exchange rates”

pesetas (Ptas) per US$1 - 134.77 (January 1997), 126.66 (1996), 124.69 (1995), 133.96 (1994), 127.26 (1993), 102.38 (1992)

Sweden

Published as “Currency”

1 Swedish krona (SKr) = 100 oere

Published as “Exchange rates”

Swedish kronor (SKr) per US$1 - 7.0671 (January 1997), 6.7060 (1996), 7.1333 (1995), 7.7160 (1994), 7.7834 (1993), 5.8238 (1992)

Switzerland

Published as “Currency”

1 Swiss franc, franken, or franco (SFR) = 100 centimes, rappen, or centesimi

Published as “Exchange rates”

Swiss francs, franken, or franchi (SFR) per US$1 - 1.3936 (January 1997), 1.2360 (1996), 1.1825 (1995), 1.3677 (1994), 1.4776 (1993), 1.4062 (1992)

Ukraine

Published as “Currency”

on 2 September 1996, Ukraine introduced the long-awaited hryvnia (plural hryvni) as its national currency, replacing the karbovanets (in circulation since 12 November 1992) at a rate of 100,000 karbovantsi to 1 hryvnia

Published as “Exchange rates”

hryvnia per US$1 - 1.8592 (November 1996), 1.4731 (1995), 0.3275 (1994), 0.0453 (1993)

United Kingdom

Published as “Currency”

1 British pound (£) = 100 pence

Published as “Exchange rates”

British pounds (£) per US$1 - 0.6023 (January 1997), 0.6403 (1996), 0.6335 (1995), 0.6529 (1994), 0.6658 (1993), 0.5664 (1992)

Middle East

17 entries

Bahrain

Published as “Currency”

1 Bahraini dinar (BD) = 1,000 fils

Published as “Exchange rates”

Bahraini dinars (BD) per US$1 - 0.3760 (fixed rate)

Cyprus

Published as “Currency”

1 Cypriot pound (£C) = 100 cents; 1 Turkish lira (TL) = 100 kurus

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • Cypriot pounds per US1$ - 0.4816 (January 1997), 0.4663 (1996), 0.4522 (1995), 0.4915 (1994), 0.4970 (1993), 0.4502 (1992);
  • Turkish liras (TL) per US$1 - 112,019 (January 1997), 81,405 (1996), 45,845.1 (1995), 29,608.7 (1994), 10,984.6 (1993), 6,872.4 (1992)

Gaza Strip

Published as “Currency”

1 new Israeli shekel (NIS) = 100 new agorot

Published as “Exchange rates”

new Israeli shekels (NIS) per US$1 - 3.41 (May 1997), 3.2882 (1996), 3.0113 (1995), 3.0111 (1994), 2.8301 (1993), 2.4591 (1992)

Iran

Published as “Currency”

10 Iranian rials (IR) = 1 toman; note - domestic figures are generally referred to in terms of the toman

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • Iranian rials (IR) per US$1 - 1,755.12 (January 1997), 1,750.76 (1996), 1,747.93 (1995), 1,748.75 (1994), 1,267.77 (1993), 65.55 (1992);
  • black market rate: 4,600 rials per US$1 (March 1997);
  • note - as of May 1995, the "official rate" of 1,750 rials per US$1 is used for imports of essential goods and services and for oil exports, whereas the "official export rate" of 3,000 rials per US$1 is used for non-oil exports and imports not covered by the official rate

Iraq

Published as “Currency”

1 Iraqi dinar (ID) = 1,000 fils

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • Iraqi dinars (ID) per US$1 - 0.3109 (fixed official rate since 1982);
  • black market rate - Iraqi dinars (ID) per US$1 - 1,200 (May 1997), 3,000 (December 1995);
  • subject to wide fluctuations

Israel

Published as “Currency”

1 new Israeli shekel (NIS) = 100 new agorot

Published as “Exchange rates”

new Israeli shekels (NIS) per US$1 - 3.2761 (January 1997), 3.2882 (1996), 3.0113 (1995), 3.0111 (1994), 2.8301 (1993), 2.4591 (1992)

Jordan

Published as “Currency”

1 Jordanian dinar (JD) = 1,000 fils

Published as “Exchange rates”

Jordanian dinars (JD) per US$1 - 0.7090 (January 1997), 0.7090 (1996), 0.7005 (1995), 0.6987 (1994), 0.6928 (1993), 0.6797 (1992)

note: since May 1989, the dinar has been pegged to a basket of currencies

Kuwait

Published as “Currency”

1 Kuwaiti dinar (KD) = 1,000 fils

Published as “Exchange rates”

Kuwaiti dinars (KD) per US$1 - 0.3010 (January 1997), 0.2994 (1996), 0.2984 (1995), 0.2976 (1994), 0.3017 (1993)

Lebanon

Published as “Currency”

1 Lebanese pound (£L) = 100 piasters

Published as “Exchange rates”

Lebanese pounds (£L) per US$1 - 1,550.8 (January 1997), 1,571.4 (1996), 1,621.4 (1995), 1,680.1 (1994), 1,741.4 (1993), 1,712.8 (1992)

Oman

Published as “Currency”

1 Omani rial (RO) = 1,000 baiza

Published as “Exchange rates”

Omani rials (RO) per US$1 - 0.3845 (fixed rate since 1986)

Qatar

Published as “Currency”

1 Qatari riyal (QR) = 100 dirhams

Published as “Exchange rates”

Qatari riyals (QR) per US$1 - 3.6400 riyals (fixed rate)

Saudi Arabia

Published as “Currency”

1 Saudi riyal (SR) = 100 halalah

Published as “Exchange rates”

Saudi riyals (SR) per US$1 - 3.7450 (fixed rate since June 1986)

Syria

Published as “Currency”

1 Syrian pound (£S) = 100 piastres

Published as “Exchange rates”

Syrian pounds (£S) per US$1 - 41.9 (January 1997); official fixed rate 11.225

Turkey now Turkiye

Published as “Currency”

Turkish lira (TL)

Published as “Exchange rates”

Turkish liras (TL) per US$1 - 110,119 (January 1997), 81,405 (1996), 45,845.1 (1995), 29,608.7 (1994), 10,984.6 (1993), 6,872.4 (1992)

United Arab Emirates

Published as “Currency”

1 Emirian dirham (Dh) = 100 fils

Published as “Exchange rates”

Emirian dirhams (Dh) per US$1 - 3.6710 (fixed rate)

West Bank

Published as “Currency”

1 new Israeli shekel (NIS) = 100 new agorot; 1 Jordanian dinar (JD) = 1,000 fils

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • new Israeli shekels (NIS) per US$1 - 3.41 (May 1997), 3.2882 (1996), 3.0113 (1995), 3.0111 (1994), 2.8301 (1993), 2.4591 (1992);
  • Jordanian dinars (JD) per US$1 - 0.7090 (January 1997), 0.7090 (1996), 0.7005 (1995), 0.6987 (1994), 0.6928 (1993), 0.6797 (1992)

Yemen

Published as “Currency”

Yemeni rial (YRl) (new currency)

Published as “Exchange rates”

Yemeni rials (YRl) per US$1 - 50.04 (new official fixed rate), 40.839 (1995), 12.010 (official fixed rate 1992-94); 490 (market rate, December 1994)

note : on 29 March 1995 the official rate was changed from 12.01 Yemeni rials to 50.04 Yemeni rials per US dollar

North America

5 entries

Bermuda

Published as “Currency”

1 Bermudian dollar (Bd$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Bermudian dollar (Bd$) per US$1 - 1.0000 (February 1997; fixed rate)

Canada

Published as “Currency”

1 Canadian dollar (Can$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Canadian dollars (Can$) per US$1 - 1.3486 (January 1997), 1.3635 (1996), 1.37241 (1995), 1.3656 (1994), 1.2901 (1993), 1.2087 (1992)

Mexico

Published as “Currency”

1 New Mexican peso (Mex$) = 100 centavos

Published as “Exchange rates”

market rate of Mexican pesos (Mex$) per US$1 - 7.8270 (January 1997), 7.6009 (1996), 6.4194 (1995), 3.3751 (1994), 3.1156 (1993), 3,094.9 (1992)

note: the new peso replaced the old peso on 1 January 1993; 1 new peso = 1,000 old pesos

Saint Pierre and Miquelon

Published as “Currency”

1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4169 (January 1997), 5.1155 (1996), 4.9915 (1995), 5.5520 (1994), 5.6632 (1993), 5.2938 (1992)

United States

Published as “Currency”

1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • British pounds (£) per US$ - 0.6023 (January 1997), 0.6403 (1996), 0.6335 (1995), 0.6529 (1994), 0.6658 (1993), 0.5664 (1992);
  • Canadian dollars (Can$) per US$ - 1.3486 (January 1997), 1.3635 (1996), 1.3724 (1995), 1.3656 (1994), 1.2901 (1993), 1.2087 (1992);
  • French francs (F) per US$ - 5.4169 (January 1997), 5.1155 (1996), 4.9915 (1995), 5.5520 (1994), 5.6632 (1993), 5.2938 (1992);
  • Italian lire (Lit) per US$ - 1,568.1 (January 1997), 1,542.9 (1996), 1,628.9 (1995), 1,612.4 (1994), 1,573.7 (1993), 1,232.4 (1992);
  • Japanese yen (¥) per US$ - 118.02 (January 1997), 108.78 (1996), 94.06 (1995), 102.21 (1994), 111.20 (1993), 126.65 (1992);
  • German deutsche marks (DM) per US$ - 1.6043 (January 1997), 1.5048 (1996), 1.4331 (1995), 1.6228 (1994), 1.6533 (1993), 1.5617 (1992)

Oceania

25 entries

American Samoa

Published as “Currency”

1 US dollar (US$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

US currency is used

Australia

Published as “Currency”

1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.2835 (January 1997), 1.2773 (1996), 1.3486 (1995), 1.3668 (1994), 1.4704 (1993), 1.3600 (1992)

Cook Islands

Published as “Currency”

1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.4247 (January 1997), 1.4543 (1996), 1.5235 (1995), 1.6844 (1994), 1.8495 (1993), 1.8584 (1992)

Fiji

Published as “Currency”

1 Fijian dollar (F$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Fijian dollars (F$) per US$1 - 1.4000 (January 1997), 1.4033 (1996), 1.4063 (1995), 1.4641 (1994), 1.5418 (1993), 1.5030 (1992)

French Polynesia

Published as “Currency”

1 CFP franc (CFPF) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (CFPF) per US$1 - 98.48 (January 1997), 93.00 (1996), 90.75 (1995), 100.94 (1994), 102.96 (1993), 96.24 (1992);
  • note - linked at the rate of 18.18 to the French franc

Guam

Published as “Currency”

1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

US currency is used

Kiribati

Published as “Currency”

1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.2835 (January 1997), 1.2773 (1996), 1.3486 (1995), 1.3667 (1994), 1.4704 (1993), 1.3600 (1992)

Marshall Islands

Published as “Currency”

1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

US currency is used

Micronesia, Federated States of now Federated States of Micronesia

Published as “Currency”

1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

US currency is used

Nauru

Published as “Currency”

1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.2835 (January 1997), 1.2773 (1996), 1.3486 (1995), 1.3667 (1994), 1.4704 (1993), 1.3600 (1992)

New Caledonia

Published as “Currency”

1 CFP franc (CFPF) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (CFPF) per US$1 - 98.48 (January 1997), 93.00 (1996), 90.75 (1995), 100.93 (1994), 102.96 (1993), 96.24 (1992);
  • note - linked at the rate of 18.18 to the French franc

New Zealand

Published as “Currency”

1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.4247 (January 1997), 1.4543 (1996), 1.5235 (1995), 1.6844 (1994), 1.8495 (1993), 1.8584 (1992)

Niue

Published as “Currency”

1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.4247 (January 1997), 1.4543 (1996), 1.5235 (1995), 1.6844 (1994), 1.8495 (1993), 1.8584 (1992)

Norfolk Island

Published as “Currency”

1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.2835 (January 1997), 1.2773 (1996), 1.3486 (1995), 1.3667 (1994), 1.4704 (1993), 1.3600 (1992)

Northern Mariana Islands

Published as “Currency”

1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

US currency is used

Palau

Published as “Currency”

1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

US currency is used

Papua New Guinea

Published as “Currency”

1 kina (K) = 100 toea

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • kina (K) per US$1 - 0.7451 (December 1996), 0.7588 (1996), 0.7835 (1995), 0.9950 (1994), 1.0221 (1993), 1.0367 (1992);
  • note - the government floated the kina on 10 October 1994

Pitcairn Islands

Published as “Currency”

1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.4247 (January 1997),1.4543 (1996), 1.5235 (1995), 1.6844 (1994), 1.8495 (1993), 1.8584 (1992)

Western Samoa now Samoa

Published as “Currency”

1 tala (WS$) = 100 sene

Published as “Exchange rates”

tala (WS$) per US$1 - 2.4570 (January 1997), 2.4618 (1996), 2.4722 (1995), 2.5349 (1994), 2.5681 (1993), 2.4655 (1992)

Solomon Islands

Published as “Currency”

1 Solomon Islands dollar (SI$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Solomon Islands dollars (SI$) per US$1 - 3.7900 (November 1996), 3.4059 (1995), 3.2914 (1994), 3.1877 (1993), 2.9281 (1992)

Tokelau

Published as “Currency”

1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1 - 1.4247 (January 1997), 1.4543 (1996), 1.5235 (1995), 1.6844 (1994), 1.8495 (1993), 1.8584 (1992)

Tonga

Published as “Currency”

1 pa'anga (T$) = 100 seniti

Published as “Exchange rates”

pa'anga (T$) per US$1 - 1.2127 (December 1996), 1.2323 (1996), 1.2709 (1995), 1.3202 (1994), 1.3841 (1993), 1.3471 (1992)

Tuvalu

Published as “Currency”

1 Tuvaluan dollar ($T) or 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Tuvaluan dollars ($T) or Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.2835 (January 1997), 1.2773 (1996), 1.3486 (1995), 1.3667 (1994), 1.4704 (1993), 1.3600 (1992)

Vanuatu

Published as “Currency”

1 vatu (VT) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

vatu (VT) per US$1 - 112.36 (January 1997), 111.72 (1996), 112.11 (1995), 116.41 (1994), 121.58 (1993), 113.39 (1992)

Wallis and Futuna

Published as “Currency”

1 CFP franc (CFPF) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (CFPF) per US$1 - 98.48 (January 1997), 93.00 (1996), 90.75 (1995), 100.94 (1994), 102.96 (1993), 96.24 (1992);
  • note - linked at the rate of 18.18 to the French franc

South America

14 entries

Argentina

Published as “Currency”

1 nuevo peso argentino = 100 centavos

Published as “Exchange rates”

pesos per US$1 - 0.99950 (January 1997), 0.99966 (1996), 0.99975 (1995), 0.99901 (1994), 0.99895 (1993), 0.99064 (1992)

Bolivia

Published as “Currency”

1 boliviano ($B) = 100 centavos

Published as “Exchange rates”

bolivianos ($B) per US$1 - 5.1720 (November 1996), 4.8003 (1995), 4.6205 (1994), 4.2651 (1993), 3.9005 (1992)

Brazil

Published as “Currency”

1 real (R$) = 100 centavos

Published as “Exchange rates”

R$ per US$1 - 1.043 (January 1997), 1.005 (1996), 0.918 (1995), 0.639 (1994); CR$ per US$1 - 390.845 (January 1994), 88.449 (1993), 4.513 (1992)

note: on 1 August 1993 the cruzeiro real (CR$), equal to 1,000 cruzeiros, was introduced; another new currency, the real (R$) was introduced on 1 July 1994, equal to 2,750 cruzeiro reais

Chile

Published as “Currency”

1 Chilean peso (Ch$) = 100 centavos

Published as “Exchange rates”

Chilean pesos (Ch$) per US$1 - 423.79 (January 1997), 412.27(1996), 396.78 (1995), 420.08 (1994), 404.35 (1993), 362.59 (1992)

Colombia

Published as “Currency”

1 Colombian peso (Col$) = 100 centavos

Published as “Exchange rates”

Colombian pesos (Col$) per US$1 - 1,027.87 (January 1997), 1,036.69 (1996), 912.83 (1995), 844.84 (1994), 863.06 (1993), 759.28 (1992)

Ecuador

Published as “Currency”

1 sucre (S/) = 100 centavos

Published as “Exchange rates”

sucres (S/) per US$1 - 3,674.9 (January 1997), 3,189.5 (1996), 2,564.5 (1995), 2,196.7 (1994), 1,919.1 (1993), 1,534.0 (1992)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

Published as “Currency”

1 Falkland pound (£F) = 100 pence

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • Falkland pound (£F) per US$1 - 0.6023 (January 1997), 0.6403 (1996), 0.6335 (1995), 0.6529 (1994), 0.6658 (1993), 0.5664 (1992);
  • note - the Falkland pound is at par with the British pound

French Guiana

Published as “Currency”

1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

French francs (F) per US$1 - 5.4169 (January 1997), 5.1155 (1996), 4.9915 (1995), 5.5520 (1994), 5.6632 (1993), 5.2938 (1992)

Guyana

Published as “Currency”

1 Guyanese dollar (G$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Guyanese dollars (G$) per US$1 - 140.3 (February 1997), 141.1 (December 1996), 140.4 (1996), 142.0 (1995), 138.3 (1994), 126.7 (1993), 125.0 (1992)

Paraguay

Published as “Currency”

1 guarani (G) = 100 centimos

Published as “Exchange rates”

guaranies (G) per US$ - 2,139.1 (January 1997), 2,063.8 (1996), 1,970.4 (1995), 1,911.5 (1994), 1,744.3 (1993), 1,500.3 (1992)

Peru

Published as “Currency”

1 nuevo sol (S/.) = 100 centimos

Published as “Exchange rates”

nuevo sol (S/.) per US$1 - 2.630 (January 1997), 2.453 (1996), 2.253 (1995), 2.195 (1994), 1.988 (1993), 1.246 (1992)

Suriname

Published as “Currency”

1 Surinamese guilder, gulden, or florin (Sf.) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • Surinamese guilders, gulden, or florins (Sf.) per US$1 - central bank midpoint rate: 401.00 (January 1997), 401.26 (1996), 442.23 (1995), 134.12 (1994);
  • parallel rate: 412 (December 1995), 510 (December 1994), 109 (January 1994)

note : beginning July 1994, the central bank midpoint exchange rate was unified and became market determined

Uruguay

Published as “Currency”

1 Uruguayan peso ($Ur) = 100 centesimos

Published as “Exchange rates”

Uruguayan pesos ($Ur) per US$1 - 8.6550 (January 1997), 7.9718 (1996), 6.3491 (1995), 5.0529 (1994), 3.9484 (1993), 3.0270 (1992)

note: on 1 March 1993 the former new peso (N$Ur) was replaced as Uruguay's unit of currency by the peso which is equal to 1,000 of the new pesos

Venezuela

Published as “Currency”

1 bolivar (Bs) = 100 centimos

Published as “Exchange rates”

bolivares (Bs) per US$1 - 476.840 (January 1997), 417.333 (1996), 176.843 (1995), 148.503 (1994), 90.826 (1993), 68.376 (1992)

Southeast Asia

15 entries

Brunei

Published as “Currency”

1 Bruneian dollar (B$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • Bruneian dollars (B$) per US$1 - 1.4061 (January 1997), 1.4100 (1996), 1.4174 (1995), 1.5274 (1994), 1.6158 (1993), 1.6290 (1992);
  • note - the Bruneian dollar is at par with the Singapore dollar

Burma now Burma (Myanmar)

Published as “Currency”

1 kyat (K) = 100 pyas

Published as “Exchange rates”

kyats (K) per US$1 - 6.0600 (1997), 5.9176 (1996), 5.6670 (1995), 5.9749 (1994), 6.1570 (1993), 6.1045 (1992); unofficial - 160-170 (1996)

Cambodia

Published as “Currency”

1 new riel (CR) = 100 sen

Published as “Exchange rates”

riels (CR) per US$1 - 2,723.0 (January 1997), 2,624.1 (1996), 2,450.8 (1995), 2,545.3 (1994), 2,689.0 (1993), 1,266.6 (1992)

Christmas Island

Published as “Currency”

1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.2735 (January 1997), 1.2773 (1996), 1.3486 (1995), 1.3667 (1994), 1.4704, (1993), 1.3600 (1992)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands

Published as “Currency”

1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.2835 (January 1997), 1.2773 (1996), 1.3486 (1995), 1.3667 (1994), 1.4704 (1993), 1.3600 (1992)

Hong Kong

Published as “Currency”

1 Hong Kong dollar (HK$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • Hong Kong dollars (HK$) per US$ - 7.730 (1996), 7.800 (1995), 7.800 (1994), 7.800 (1993), 7.741 (1992);
  • note - linked to the US dollar at the rate of about 7.8 HK$ per 1 US$

Indonesia

Published as “Currency”

Indonesian rupiah (Rp)

Published as “Exchange rates”

Indonesian rupiahs (Rp) per US$1 - 2,393.0 (January 1997), 2,342.3 (1996), 2,248.6 (1995), 2,160.8 (1994), 2,087.1 (1993), 2,029.9 (1992)

Laos

Published as “Currency”

1 new kip (NK) = 100 at

Published as “Exchange rates”

new kips (NK) per US$1 - 961.00 (January 1997), 921.14 (1996), 804.69 (1995), 717.67 (1994), 716.25 (1993), 716.08 (1992)

note: as of September 1995, a floating exchange rate policy was adopted

Macau

Published as “Currency”

1 pataca (P) = 100 avos

Published as “Exchange rates”

patacas (P) per US$1 - 7.962 (1996), 8.034 (1993-95), 7.973 (1992); note - linked to the Hong Kong dollar at the rate of 1.03 patacas per Hong Kong dollar

Malaysia

Published as “Currency”

1 ringgit (M$) = 100 sen

Published as “Exchange rates”

ringgits (M$) per US$1 - 2.4914 (January 1997), 2.5158 (1996), 2.5044 (1995), 2.6243 (1994), 2.5741 (1993), 2.5474 (1992)

Philippines

Published as “Currency”

1 Philippine peso (P) = 100 centavos

Published as “Exchange rates”

Philippine pesos (P) per US$1 - 26.36 (May 1997), 26.216 (1996), 25.714 (1995), 26.417 (1994), 27.120 (1993), 25.512 (1992)

Singapore

Published as “Currency”

1 Singapore dollar (S$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Singapore dollars (S$) per US$1 - 1.4061 (January 1997), 1.4100 (1996), 1.4174 (1995), 1.5274 (1994), 1.6158 (1993), 1.6290 (1992)

Taiwan

Published as “Currency”

1 New Taiwan dollar (NT$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

New Taiwan dollars per US$1 - 27.5 (1996), 27.4 (1995), 26.2 (1994), 26.6 (1993), 25.4 (1992)

Thailand

Published as “Currency”

1 baht (B) = 100 satang

Published as “Exchange rates”

baht (B) per US$1 - 25.708 (January 1997), 15.343 (1996), 24.915 (1995), 25.150 (1994), 25.319 (1993), 25.400 (1992)

Vietnam

Published as “Currency”

1 new dong (D) = 100 xu

Published as “Exchange rates”

new dong (D) per US$1 - 11,100 (December 1996), 11,193 (1995 average), 11,000 (October 1994), 10,800 (November 1993), 8,100 (July 1991)

Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook 1997, “Exchange rates”, all entries. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/fields/exchange-rates/1997.

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