The CIA World Factbook Edition 1999 Economy

Exchange rates In 36 editions of 36.

Exchange rates was published in 36 editions of the CIA World Factbook, from 1990 to 2025. The 1999 edition carries it in 235 entries, in its Economy section, under the heading “Currency”. Every entry is shown as that edition published it.

entries in the 1999 edition
235
the first edition with it
1990
the latest edition with it
2025

Published as “Exchange rates” (1990 to 2025), “Currency” (1990 to 2004), “Currency (code)” (2005 to 2008) and “Currency code” (2001 to 2004).

the entry has the field in that editionnot in that editionthe open editionEach entry below ends in its editions with Exchange rates, 1990 to 2025. Point at a year above to follow it down; choose one in a row to read that edition’s text there.

1999

Every edition with Exchange rates

Entries with Exchange rates in each edition

19902000201020202025

Select a bar to open that edition.

Africa

57 entries

Algeria

Published as “Currency”

1 Algerian dinar (DA) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

Algerian dinars (DA) per US$1--61.264 (January 1999), 58.739 (1998), 57.707 (1997), 54.749 (1996), 47.663 (1995), 35.059 (1994)

Angola

Published as “Currency”

1 kwanza (NKz) = 100 lwei

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • kwanza (NKz) per US$1--350,000 (February 1999), 392,824 (1998), 229,040 (1997), 128,029 (1996), 2,750 (1995), 59,515 (1994);
  • note--readjusted Kwanzas per US$1,000 through 1994, per US$1 thereafter

Benin

Published as “Currency”

1 Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

CFA francs (CFAF) per US$1--566.36 (January 1999), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996), 499.15 (1995), 555.20 (1994)

Botswana

Published as “Currency”

1 pula (P) = 100 thebe

Published as “Exchange rates”

pulas (P) per US$1--4.5725 (January 1999), 4.2258 (1998), 3.6508 (1997), 3.3242 (1996), 2.7722 (1995), 2.6846 (1994)

Burkina Faso

Published as “Currency”

1 Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1--560.01 (December 1998), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996), 499.15 (1995), 555.20 (1994)

Burundi

Published as “Currency”

1 Burundi franc (FBu) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

Burundi francs (FBu) per US$1--508 (January 1999), 477.77 (1998), 352.35 (1997), 302.75 (1996), 249.76 (1995), 252.66 (1994)

Cape Verde now Cabo Verde

Published as “Currency”

1 Cape Verdean escudo (CVEsc) = 100 centavos

Published as “Exchange rates”

Cape Verdean escudos (CVEsc) per US$1--96.400 (November 1998), 99.41 (1998), 93.177 (1997), 82.591 (1996), 76.853 (1995), 81.891 (1994)

Cameroon

Published as “Currency”

1 Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1--575 (January 1999), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996), 499.15 (1995), 555.20 (1994)

Central African Republic

Published as “Currency”

1 Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1--560.01 (December 1998), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996), 499.15 (1995), 555.20 (1994)

Chad

Published as “Currency”

1 Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

Communaute Financiere Africaine Francs (CFAF) per US$1--560.01 (December 1998), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996), 499.15 (1995), 555.20 (1994)

Comoros

Published as “Currency”

1 Comoran franc (CF) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

Comoran francs (CF) per US$1--420.01 (December 1998), 442.46 (1998), 437.75 (1997), 383.66 (1996), 374.36 (1995), 416.40 (1994)

Congo, Democratic Republic of the now Democratic Republic of the Congo

Published as “Currency”

Congolese franc (CF)

Published as “Exchange rates”

Congolese francs (CF) per US$1--2.5 (January 1999); new zaires (Z) per US$1--115,000 (January 1998), 83,764 (October 1996), 7,024 (1995), 1,194 (1994)

note: on 30 June 1998 the Congolese franc (CF) was introduced, replacing the new zaire; 1 Congolese franc (CF)=100,000 new zaires

Congo, Republic of the now Republic of the Congo

Published as “Currency”

1 Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1--550 (January 1999), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996), 499.15 (1995), 555.20 (1994)

Cote d'Ivoire

Published as “Currency”

1 Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

CFA francs (CFAF) per US$1--560.01 (January 1999), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996), 499.15 (1995), 555.20 (1994)

Djibouti

Published as “Currency”

1 Djiboutian franc (DF) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

Djiboutian francs (DF) per US$1--177.721 (fixed rate since 1973)

Egypt

Published as “Currency”

1 Egyptian pound (LE) = 100 piasters

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • Egyptian pounds (LE) per US$1--3.4 (November 1994);
  • market rate--3.3880 (January 1999), 3.3880 (1998), 3.3880 (1997), 3.3880 (1996), 3.3900 (1995), 3.3910 (1994)

Equatorial Guinea

Published as “Currency”

Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFAF) is used

Published as “Exchange rates”

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1--560.01 (December 1998), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996), 499.15 (1995), 555.20 (1994)

Eritrea

Published as “Currency”

1 nafka = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • nakfa per US$1 = 7.6 (January 1999), 7.2 (March 1998 est.)

note: following independence from Ethiopia, Eritrea continued to use Ethiopian currency until November 1997 when Eritrea issued its own currency, the nakfa, at approximately the same rate as the birr, i.e., 7.2 nakfa per US$1

Swaziland now Eswatini

Published as “Currency”

1 lilangeni (E) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • emalangeni (E) per US$1--5.9812 (January 1999), 5.4807 (1998), 4.6032 (1997), 4.2706 (1996), 3.6266 (1995), 3.5490 (1994);
  • note--the Swazi lilangeni is at par with the South African rand

Ethiopia

Published as “Currency”

1 birr (Br) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

birr (Br) per US$1 (end of period)--7.58 (January 1999), 6.8640 (1997), 6.4260 (1996), 6.3200 (1995), 5.9500 (1994)

note: since May 1993, the birr market rate has been determined in an interbank market supported by weekly wholesale auction; prior to that date, the official rate was pegged to US$1 = 5.000 birr

Gabon

Published as “Currency”

1 Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1--577.61 (January 1999), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996), 499.15 (1995), 555.20 (1994)

Gambia, The now The Gambia

Published as “Currency”

1 dalasi (D) = 100 butut

Published as “Exchange rates”

dalasi (D) per US$1--10.947 (December 1998), 10.643 (1998), 10.200 (1997), 9.789 (1996), 9.546 (1995), 9.576 (1994)

Ghana

Published as “Currency”

1 new cedi (C) = 100 pesewas

Published as “Exchange rates”

new cedis per US$1--2,324.70 (September 1998), 2,050.17 (1997), 1,637.23 (1996), 1,200.43 (1995), 956.71 (1994)

Guinea

Published as “Currency”

1 Guinean franc (FG) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

Guinean francs (FG) per US$1--1,292.5 (January 1999), 1,095.3 (1997), 1,004.0 (1996), 991.4 (1995), 976.6 (1994)

note: the official exchange rate of the Guinean franc was set and quoted weekly against the US dollar until the end of October 1993; since 1 November 1994, the exchange rate is determined in the interbank market for foreign exchange

Guinea-Bissau

Published as “Currency”

  • 1 Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes;
  • note--on 1 May 1997, Guinea-Bissau adopted as its currency the CFA franc following its membership into the BCEAO

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1--566.65 (January 1999), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997);
  • Guinea-Bissauan pesos (PG) per US$1-- 26,373 (1996), 18,073 (1995), 12,892 (1994)

note: as of 2 May 1997, Guinea-Bissau has adopted the CFA franc as the national currency following its membership in BCEAO

Kenya

Published as “Currency”

1 Kenyan shilling (KSh) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Kenyan shillings (KSh) per US$1--61.802 (January 1999), 60.367 (1998), 58.732 (1997), 57.115 (1996), 51.430 (1995), 56.051 (1994)

Lesotho

Published as “Currency”

1 loti (L) = 100 lisente

note: maloti (M) is the plural form of loti

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • maloti (M) per US$1--5.98380 (January 1999), 5.52828 (1998), 4.60796 (1997), 4.29935 (1996), 3.62709 (1995), 3.55080 (1994);
  • note--the Basotho loti is at par with the South African rand

Liberia

Published as “Currency”

1 Liberian dollar (L$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • Liberian dollars (L$) per US$1--1.0000 (officially fixed rate since 1940);
  • market exchange rate: Liberian dollars (L$) per US$1--40 (December 1998), 50 (October 1995), 7 (January 1992);
  • market rate floats against the US dollar

Libya

Published as “Currency”

1 Libyan dinar (LD) = 1,000 dirhams

Published as “Exchange rates”

Libyan dinars (LD) per US$1--0.3799 (November 1998), 0.3891 (1997), 0.3651 (1996), 0.3532 (1995), 0.3596 (1994);

official rate:
0.45 (December 1998)

Madagascar

Published as “Currency”

1 Malagasy franc (FMG) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

Malagasy francs (FMG) per US$1--5,468.5 (January 1999), 5,441.4 (1998), 5,090.9 (1997), 4,061.3 (1996), 4,265.6 (1995), 3,067.3 (1994)

Malawi

Published as “Currency”

1 Malawian kwacha (MK) = 100 tambala

Published as “Exchange rates”

Malawian kwachas (MK) per US$1--43.5426 (January 1999), 31.0727 (1998), 16.4442 (1997), 15.3085 (1996), 15.2837 (1995), 8.7364 (1994)

Mali

Published as “Currency”

1 Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1--567.81 (January 1999), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996), 499.15 (1995), 555.20 (1994)

Mauritania

Published as “Currency”

1 ouguiya (UM) = 5 khoums

Published as “Exchange rates”

ouguiyas (UM) per US$1--204.600 (January 1999), 151.853 (1997), 137.222 (1996), 129.768 (1995), 123.575 (1994)

Mauritius

Published as “Currency”

1 Mauritian rupee (MauR) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Mauritian rupees (MauRs) per US$1--24.099 (January 1999), 22.803 (1998), 20.561 (1997), 17.948 (1996), 17.386 (1995), 17.960 (1994)

Mayotte

Published as “Currency”

1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

French francs (F) per US$1--5.65 (January 1999), 5.8995 (1998), 5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996), 4.9915 (1995), 5.5520 (1994)

Morocco

Published as “Currency”

1 Moroccan dirham (DH) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

Moroccan dirhams (DH) per US$1--9.320 (January 1999), 9.604 (1998), 9.527 (1997), 8.716 (1996), 8.540 (1995), 9.203 (1994)

Mozambique

Published as “Currency”

1 metical (Mt) = 100 centavos

Published as “Exchange rates”

meticais (Mt) per US$1--12,394.0 (January 1999), 11,874.6 (1998), 11.543.6 (1997), 11,293.8 (1996), 9,024.3 (1995), 6,038.6 (1994)

Namibia

Published as “Currency”

1 Namibian dollar (N$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Nambian dollars (N$) per US$1--5.98380 (January 1999), 5.52828 (1998), 4.60796 (1997), 4.29935 (1996), 3.62709 (1995), 3.55080 (1994)

Niger

Published as “Currency”

1 Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1--560.01 (January 1999), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996), 499.15 (1995), 555.20 (1994)

Nigeria

Published as “Currency”

1 naira (N) = 100 kobo

Published as “Exchange rates”

nairas (N) per US$1--21.886 (December 1998), 21.886 (1998), 21.886 (1997), 21.895 (1995), 21.996 (1994)

Reunion

Published as “Currency”

1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

French francs (F) per US$1--5.65 (January 1999), 5.8995 (1998), 5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996), 4.9915 (1995), 5.5520 (1994)

Rwanda

Published as “Currency”

1 Rwandan franc (RF) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

Rwandan francs (RF) per US$1--320.63 (February 1999), 312.31 (1998), 301.53 (1997), 306.82 (1996), 262.20 (1995)

Saint Helena now Saint Helena, Ascension, and Tristan da Cunha

Published as “Currency”

1 Saint Helenian pound (LS) = 100 pence

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • Saint Helenian pounds (LS) per US$1--0.6057 (January 1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6047 (1997), 0.6403 (1996), 0.6335 (1995), 0.6529 (1994);
  • note--the Saint Helenian pound is at par with the British pound

Sao Tome and Principe

Published as “Currency”

1 dobra (Db) = 100 centimos

Published as “Exchange rates”

dobras (Db) per US$1--6,873.5 (October 1998), 4,552.5 (1997), 2,203.2 (1996), 1,420.3 (1995), 732.6 (1994)

Senegal

Published as “Currency”

1 Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1--560.01 (December 1998), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1966), 499.15 (1995), 555.20 (1994)

Seychelles

Published as “Currency”

1 Seychelles rupee (SRe) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Seychelles rupees (SRe) per US$1--5.4540 (January 1999), 5.2622 (1998), 5.0263 (1997), 4.9700 (1996), 4.7620 (1995), 5.0559 (1994)

Sierra Leone

Published as “Currency”

1 leone (Le) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

leones (Le) per US$1--1,630.5 (January 1999), 1,597.2 (1998), 981.48 (1997), 920.73 (1996), 755.22 (1995), 586.74 (1994)

Somalia

Published as “Currency”

1 Somali shilling (So. Sh.) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Somali shillings (So. Sh.) per US$1--2,620 (January 1999), 7,500 (November 1997 est.), 7,000 (January 1996 est.), 5,000 (1 January 1995), 2,616 (1 July 1993), 4,200 (December 1992)

note: the Republic of Somaliland, a self-declared independent country not recognized by any government, issues its own currency, the Somaliland shilling (So. Sh.)

South Africa

Published as “Currency”

1 rand (R) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

rand (R) per US$1--5.98380 (January 1999), 5.52828 (1998), 4.60796 (1997), 4.29935 (1996), 3.62709 (1995), 3.55080 (1994)

Sudan

Published as “Currency”

1 Sudanese pound (LSd) = 100 piastres

Published as “Exchange rates”

Sudanese pounds (LSd) per US$1--1,819.70 (April 1998), 1,873.53 (2d Qtr 1998), 1,575.74 (1997), 1,250.79 (1996), 580.87 (1995), 289.61 (1994), 159.31 (1993)

Tanzania

Published as “Currency”

1 Tanzanian shilling (TSh) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Tanzanian shillings (TSh) per US$1--668.3 (February 1999), 664.67 (1998), 612.12 (1997), 579.98 (1996), 574.76 (1995), 509.63 (1994)

Togo

Published as “Currency”

1 Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1--560.01 (December 1998), 589.95 (1998), 583.67 (1997), 511.55 (1996), 499.15 (1995), 555.20 (1994)

Tunisia

Published as “Currency”

1 Tunisian dinar (TD) = 1,000 millimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

Tunisian dinars (TD) per US$1--1.1027 (December 1998), 1.1393 (1998), 1.1059 (1997), 0.9734 (1996), 0.9458 (1995), 1.0116 (1994)

Uganda

Published as “Currency”

1 Ugandan shilling (USh) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Ugandan shillings (USh) per US$1--1,368.4 (December 1998), 1,240.2 (1998), 1,083.0 (1997), 1,046.1 (1996), 968.9 (1995), 979.4 (1994)

Western Sahara

Published as “Currency”

1 Moroccan dirham (DH) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

Moroccan dirhams (DH) per US$1--9.320 (January 1999), 9.604 (1998), 9.527 (1997), 8.716 (1996), 8.540 (1995), 9.203 (1994)

Zambia

Published as “Currency”

1 Zambian kwacha (ZK) = 100 ngwee

Published as “Exchange rates”

Zambian kwacha (ZK) per US$1--1,428 (October 1998), 1,333.81 (1997), 1,203.71 (1996), 857.23 (1995), 669.37 (1994)

Zimbabwe

Published as “Currency”

1 Zimbabwean dollar (Z$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Zimbabwean dollars (Z$) per US$1--39.3701 (January 1999), 21.4133 (1998), 11.8906 (1997), 9.9206 (1996), 8.6580 (1995), 8.1500 (1994)

Arctic Region

3 entries

Greenland

Published as “Currency”

1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 oere

Published as “Exchange rates”

Danish kroner (DKr) per US$1--6.401 (January 1999), 6.701 (1998), 6.604 (1997), 5.799 (1996), 5.602 (1995), 6.361 (1994)

Iceland

Published as “Currency”

1 Icelandic krona (IKr) = 100 aurar

Published as “Exchange rates”

Icelandic kronur (IKr) per US$1--69.250 (January 1999), 70.958 (1998), 70.904 (1997), 66.500 (1996), 64.692 (1995), 69.944 (1994)

Svalbard

Published as “Currency”

1 Norwegian krone (NKr) = 100 oere

Published as “Exchange rates”

Norwegian kroner (NKr) per US$1--7.4524 (January 1999), 7.5451 (1998), 7.0734 (1997), 6.4498 (1996), 6.3352 (1995), 7.0576 (1994)

Asia

22 entries

Afghanistan

Published as “Currency”

1 afghani (AF) = 100 puls

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • afghanis (Af) per US$1--4,750 (February 1999), 17,000 (December 1996), 7,000 (January 1995), 1,900 (January 1994), 1,019 (March 1993), 850 (1991);
  • note--these rates reflect the free market exchange rates rather than the official exchange rate, which was fixed at 50.600 afghanis to the dollar until 1996, when it rose to 2,262.65 per dollar, and finally became fixed again at 3,000.00 per dollar on April 1996

Armenia

Published as “Currency”

1 dram = 100 luma

Published as “Exchange rates”

dram per US$1--535.62 (January 1999), 504.92 (1998), 490.85 (1997), 414.04 (1996), 405.91 (1995), 288.65 (1994)

Azerbaijan

Published as “Currency”

manat=100 gopiks

Published as “Exchange rates”

manats per US$1--3,865.00 (November 1998), 3,985.38 (1997), 4,301.26 (1996), 4,413.54 (1995), 1,570.23 (1994)

Bangladesh

Published as “Currency”

1 taka (Tk) = 100 poisha

Published as “Exchange rates”

taka (Tk) per US$1--48.500 (January 1999), 46.906 (1998), 43.892 (1997), 41.794 (1996), 40.278 (1995), 40.212 (1994)

Bhutan

Published as “Currency”

1 ngultrum (Nu) = 100 chetrum; note--Indian currency is also legal tender

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • ngultrum (Nu) per US$1--42.508 (January 1999), 41.259 (1998), 36.313 (1997), 35.433 (1996), 32.427 (1995), 31.374 (1994);
  • note--the Bhutanese ngultrum is at par with the Indian rupee

China

Published as “Currency”

1 yuan (Y) = 10 jiao

Published as “Exchange rates”

yuan (Y) per US$1--8.28 (February 1999), 8.2779 (December 1998), 8.2790 (1998), 8.2898 (1997), 8.3142 (1996), 8.3514 (1995), 8.6187 (1994)

note: beginning 1 January 1994, the People's Bank of China quotes the midpoint rate against the US dollar based on the previous day's prevailing rate in the interbank foreign exchange market

Georgia

Published as “Currency”

lari introduced September 1995 replacing the coupon

Published as “Exchange rates”

lari per US$1 (end of period)--1.82 (December 1998), 1.32 (December 1997), 1.28 (December 1996), 1.24 (December 1995)

India

Published as “Currency”

1 Indian rupee (Re) = 100 paise

Published as “Exchange rates”

Indian rupees (Rs) per US$1--42.508 (January 1999), 41.259 (1998), 36.313 (1997), 35.433 (1996), 32.427 (1995), 31.374 (1994)

Japan

Published as “Currency”

yen (Y)

Published as “Exchange rates”

yen (Y) per US$1--113.18 (January 1999), 130.91 (1998), 120.99 (1997), 108.78 (1996), 94.06 (1995), 102.21 (1994)

Kazakhstan

Published as “Currency”

1 Kazakhstani tenge = 100 tiyn

Published as “Exchange rates”

tenges per US$1--85.2 (February 1999), 78.30 (1998), 75.44 (1997), 67.30 (1996), 60.95 (1995), 35.54 (1994)

Korea, North now North Korea

Published as “Currency”

1 North Korean won (Wn) = 100 chon

Published as “Exchange rates”

official:
  • North Korean won (Wn) per US$1--2.15 (May 1994), 2.13 (May 1992), 2.14 (September 1991), 2.1 (January 1990), 2.3 (December 1989);
  • market: North Korean won (Wn) per US$1--200

Korea, South now South Korea

Published as “Currency”

1 South Korean won (W) = 100 chun (theoretical)

Published as “Exchange rates”

South Korean won (W) per US$1--1,174.00 (January 1999), 1,401.44 (1998), 951.29 (1997), 804.45 (1996), 771.27 (1995), 803.45 (1994)

Kyrgyzstan

Published as “Currency”

1 Kyrgyzstani som (KGS) = 100 tyiyn

Published as “Exchange rates”

soms (KGS) per US$1--30.25 (February 1999), 20.838 (1998), 17.362 (1997), 12.810 (1996), 10.822 (1995), 10.842 (1994)

Maldives

Published as “Currency”

1 rufiyaa (Rf) = 100 laari

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • rufiyaa (Rf) per US$1--11.770 (1995-January 1999), 11.586 (1994), 10.957 (1993)

Mongolia

Published as “Currency”

1 tughrik (Tug) = 100 mongos

Published as “Exchange rates”

tughriks (Tug) per US$1--902 (January 1999), 840.83 (1998), 789.99 (1997), 548.40 (1996), 448.61 (1995), 412.72 (1994)

Nepal

Published as “Currency”

1 Nepalese rupee (NR) = 100 paisa

Published as “Exchange rates”

Nepalese rupees (NRs) per US$1--67.675 (January 1999), 65.976 (1998), 58.010 (1997), 56.692 (1996), 51.890 (1995), 49.398 (1994)

Pakistan

Published as “Currency”

1 Pakistani rupee (PRe) = 100 paisa

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • Pakistani rupees (PRs) per US$1--46.000 (January 1999), 45.033 (1998), 41.086 (1997), 36.056 (1996), 31.623 (1995), 30.548 (1994);
  • note--annual average of official rate;
  • parallel market rate is higher

Russia

Published as “Currency”

1 ruble (R) = 100 kopeks

Published as “Exchange rates”

rubles per US$1--22.2876 (January 1999), 9.7051 (1998), 5,785 (1997), 5,121 (1996), 4,559 (1995), 2,191 (1994)

note: the post-1 January 1998 ruble is equal to 1,000 of the pre-1 January 1998 rubles

Sri Lanka

Published as “Currency”

1 Sri Lankan rupee (SLRe) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Sri Lankan rupees (SLRes) per US$1--67.948 (January 1999), 64.593 (1998), 58.995 (1997), 55.271 (1996), 51.252 (1995), 49.415 (1994)

Tajikistan

Published as “Currency”

the Tajikistani ruble (TJR) = 100 tanga

Published as “Exchange rates”

Tajikistani rubles (TJR) per US$1--998 (January 1999), 350 (January 1997), 284 (January 1996)

Turkmenistan

Published as “Currency”

1 Turkmen manat (TMM) = 100 tenesi

Published as “Exchange rates”

manats per US$1--5,350 (January 1999), 4,070 (January 1997), 2,400 (January 1996)

Uzbekistan

Published as “Currency”

Uzbekistani som (UKS)

Published as “Exchange rates”

Uzbekistani soms (UKS) per US$1--111.9 (February 1999), 110.95 (December 1998), 75.8 (September 1997), 41.1 (1996), 30.2 (1995), 11.4 (1994), 1.0 (1993)

Central America and the Caribbean

31 entries

Anguilla

Published as “Currency”

1 East Caribbean dollar (EC$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1--2.7000 (fixed rate since 1976)

Antigua and Barbuda

Published as “Currency”

1 East Caribbean dollar (EC$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1--2.7000 (fixed rate since 1976)

Aruba

Published as “Currency”

1 Aruban florin (Af.) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Aruban florins (Af.) per US$1--1.7900 (fixed rate since 1986)

Bahamas, The now The Bahamas

Published as “Currency”

1 Bahamian dollar (B$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Bahamian dollar (B$) per US$1--1.000 (fixed rate pegged to the dollar)

Barbados

Published as “Currency”

1 Barbadian dollar (Bds$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Barbadian dollars (Bds$) per US$1--2.0000 (fixed rate pegged to the dollar)

Belize

Published as “Currency”

1 Belizean dollar (Bz$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Belizean dollars (Bz$) per US$1--2.0000 (fixed rate)

British Virgin Islands

Published as “Currency”

1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

US currency is used

Cayman Islands

Published as “Currency”

1 Caymanian dollar (CI$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Caymanian dollars (CI$) per US$1--0.83 (3 November 1995), 0.85 (22 November 1993)

Costa Rica

Published as “Currency”

1 Costa Rican colon (C) = 100 centimos

Published as “Exchange rates”

Costa Rican colones (C) per US$1--272.58 (January 1999), 257.23 (1998), 232.60 (1997), 207.69 (1996), 179.73 (1995), 157.07 (1994)

Cuba

Published as “Currency”

1 Cuban peso (Cu$) = 100 centavos

Published as “Exchange rates”

Cuban pesos (Cu$) per US$1--1.0000 (nonconvertible, official rate, linked to the US dollar)

Dominica

Published as “Currency”

1 East Caribbean dollar (EC$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1--2.7000 (fixed rate since 1976)

Dominican Republic

Published as “Currency”

1 Dominican peso (RD$) = 100 centavos

Published as “Exchange rates”

Dominican pesos (RD$) per US$1--15.949 (January 1999), 15.267 (1998), 14.265 (1997), 13.775 (1996), 13.597 (1995), 13.160 (1994)

El Salvador

Published as “Currency”

1 Salvadoran colon (C) = 100 centavos

Published as “Exchange rates”

Salvadoran colones (C) per US$1 (end of period)--8.755 (January 1999-1995), 8.750 (1994)

note: as of 1 June 1990, the rate is based on the average of the buying and selling rates, set on a weekly basis, for official receipts and payments, imports of petroleum, and coffee exports; prior to that date, a system of floating was in effect

Grenada

Published as “Currency”

1 East Caribbean dollar (EC$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1--2.7000 (fixed rate since 1976)

Guadeloupe

Published as “Currency”

1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

French francs (F) per US$1--5.65 (January 1999), 5.8995 (1998), 5.8367 (1997), 5.1155(1996), 4.9915 (1995), 5.5520 (1994)

Guatemala

Published as “Currency”

1 quetzal (Q) = 100 centavos

Published as “Exchange rates”

quetzales (Q) per US$1--6.7284 (January 1999), 6.3947 (1998), 6.0653 (1997), 6.0495 (1996), 5.8103 (1995), 5.7512 (1994)

Haiti

Published as “Currency”

1 gourde (G) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

gourdes (G) per US$1--16.778 (January 1999), 16.205 (1998), 17.311 (1997), 15.093 (1996), 16.160 (1995), 12.947 (1994)

Honduras

Published as “Currency”

1 lempira (L) = 100 centavos

Published as “Exchange rates”

lempiras (L) per US$1 (end of period)--13.8076 (December 1998), 13.8076 (1998), 13.0942 (1997), 12.8694 (1996), 10.3432 (1995), 9.4001 (1994)

Jamaica

Published as “Currency”

1 Jamaican dollar (J$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Jamaican dollars (J$) per US$1--35.57 (December 1998), 35.404 (1997), 37.120 (1996), 35.142 (1995), 33.086 (1994)

Martinique

Published as “Currency”

1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

French francs (F) per US$1--5.65 (January 1999), 5.8995 (1998), 5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996), 4.9915 (1995), 5.5520 (1994)

Montserrat

Published as “Currency”

1 East Caribbean dollar (EC$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1--2.7000 (fixed rate since 1976)

Netherlands Antilles

Published as “Currency”

1 Netherlands Antillean guilder, gulden, or florin (NAf.) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Netherlands Antillean guilders, gulden, or florins (NAf.) per US$1--1.790 (fixed rate since 1989)

Nicaragua

Published as “Currency”

1 gold cordoba (C$) = 100 centavos

Published as “Exchange rates”

gold cordobas (C$) per US$1--11.14 (December 1998), 10.58 (1998), 9.45 (1997), 8.44 (1996), 7.55 (1995), 6.72 (1994)

Panama

Published as “Currency”

1 balboa (B) = 100 centesimos

Published as “Exchange rates”

balboas (B) per US$1--1.000 (fixed rate)

Puerto Rico

Published as “Currency”

1 US dollar (US$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

US currency is used

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Published as “Currency”

1 East Caribbean dollar (EC$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1--2.7000 (fixed rate since 1976)

Saint Lucia

Published as “Currency”

1 East Caribbean dollar (EC$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1--2.7000 (fixed rate since 1976)

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

Published as “Currency”

1 East Caribbean dollar (EC$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

East Caribbean dollars (EC$) per US$1--2.7000 (fixed rate since 1976)

Trinidad and Tobago

Published as “Currency”

1 Trinidad and Tobago dollar (TT$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Trinidad and Tobago dollars (TT$) per US$1--6.2761 (January 1999), 6.2840 (1998), 6.2517 (1997), 6.0051 (1996), 5.9478 (1995), 5.9249 (1994)

Turks and Caicos Islands

Published as “Currency”

1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

US currency is used

Virgin Islands

Published as “Currency”

1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

US currency is used

Europe

46 entries

Albania

Published as “Currency”

1 lek (L) = 100 qintars

Published as “Exchange rates”

leke (L) per US$1--139.93 (January 1999), 150.63 (1998), 148.93 (1997), 104.50 (1996), 92.70 (1995), 94.62 (1994)

Andorra

Published as “Currency”

  • 1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes;
  • 1 peseta (Pta) = 100 centimos;
  • the French and Spanish currencies are used

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • French francs (F) per US$1--5.65 (January 1999), 5.8995 (1998), 5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996), 4.9915 (1995), 5.5520 (1994);
  • Spanish pesetas (Ptas) per US$1--143.39 (January 1999), 149.40 (1998), 146.41 (1997), 126.66 (1996), 124.69 (1995), 133.96 (1994)

Austria

Published as “Currency”

1 Austrian schilling (AS) = 100 groschen

Published as “Exchange rates”

Austrian schillings (AS) per US$1--11.86 (January 1999), 12.379 (1998), 12.204 (1997), 10.587 (1996), 10.081 (1995), 11.422 (1994)

note: on 9 January 1999, the European Union introduced a common currency that is now being used by financial institutions in some member countries at the rate of 0.8597 euros per US$ and a fixed rate of 13.7603 Austrian shillings per euro; the euro will replace the local currency in consenting countries for all transactions in 2002

Belarus

Published as “Currency”

Belarusian rubel (BR)

Published as “Exchange rates”

Belarusian rubels per US$1--139,000 (25 January 1999 official Belarusian exchange rate), 46,080 (2nd qtr 1998), 25,964 (1997), 15,500 (yearend 1996), 11,500 (yearend 1995), 10,600 (yearend 1994)

Belgium

Published as “Currency”

1 Belgian franc (BF) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

Belgian francs (BF) per US$1--34.77 (January 1999), 36.229 (1998), 35.774 (1997), 30.962 (1996), 29.480 (1995), 33.456 (1994)

note: on 1 January 1999, the European Union introduced a common currency that is now being used by financial institutions in some member countries at the rate of 0.8597 euros per US$ and a fixed rate of 40.3399 Belgian francs per euro; the euro will replace the local currency in consenting countries for all transactions in 2002

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Published as “Currency”

1 convertible marka (KM) = 100 convertible pfenniga

Published as “Exchange rates”

NA

Bulgaria

Published as “Currency”

1 lev (Lv) = 100 stotinki

Published as “Exchange rates”

leva (Lv) per US$1--1,685.10 (January 1999), 1,760.36 (1998), 1,681.88 (1997), 177.89 (1996), 67.17 (1995), 54.13 (1994)

note: the official rate is pegged to the euro as of 1 January 1999

Croatia

Published as “Currency”

1 Croatian kuna (HRK) = 100 lipas

Published as “Exchange rates”

Croatian kuna per US$1--6.317 (January 1999), 6.362 (1998), 6.157 (1997), 5.434 (1996), 5.230 (1995), 5.996 (1994)

Czech Republic now Czechia

Published as “Currency”

1 koruna (Kc) = 100 haleru

Published as “Exchange rates”

koruny (Kcs) per US$1--30.214 (December 1998), 32.294 (1998), 31.698 (1997), 27.145 (1996), 26.541 (1995), 28.785 (1994)

Denmark

Published as “Currency”

1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 oere

Published as “Exchange rates”

Danish kroner (DKr) per US$1--6.408 (January 1999), 6.701 (1998), 6.604 (1997), 5.799 (1996), 5.602 (1995), 6.361 (1994)

Estonia

Published as “Currency”

1 Estonian kroon (EEK) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • krooni (EEK) per US$1--13.473 (January 1999), 14.075 (1998), 13.882 (1997), 12.034 (1996), 11.465 (1995), 12.991 (1994);
  • note--krooni are tied to the German deutsche mark at a fixed rate of 8 to 1

Faroe Islands

Published as “Currency”

1 Danish krone (DKr) = 100 oere

Published as “Exchange rates”

Danish kroner (DKr) per US$1--6.408 (January 1999), 6.701 (1998), 6.604 (1997), 5.799 (1966), 5.602 (1995), 6.361 (1994)

Finland

Published as “Currency”

1 markka (FMk) or Finmark = 100 pennia

Published as “Exchange rates”

markkaa (FMk) per US$1--5.12 (January 1999), 5.3441 (1998), 5.1914 (1997), 4.5936 (1996), 4.3667 (1995), 5.2235 (1994);

note: on 1 January 1999, the European Union introduced a common currency that is now being used by financial institutions in some member countries at the rate of 0.8597 euros per US$ and a fixed rate of 5.93472 Markkaa per euro; the euro will replace the local currency in consenting countries for all transactions in 2002

France

Published as “Currency”

1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

French francs (F) per US$1--5.65 (January 1999), 5.8995 (1998), 5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996), 4.9915 (1995), 5.5520 (1994)

note: on 1 January 1999, the European Union introduced a common currency that is now being used by financial institutions in some member countries at the rate of 0.8597 euros per US$ and a fixed rate of 6.55957 French francs per euro; the euro will replace the local currency in consenting countries for all transactions in 2002

Germany

Published as “Currency”

1 deutsche mark (DM) = 100 pfennige

Published as “Exchange rates”

deutsche marks (DM) per US$1--1.69 (January 1999), 1.7597 (1998), 1.7341 (1997), 1.5048 (1996), 1.4331 (1995), 1.6228 (1994)

note: on 1 January 1999, the European Union introduced a common currency that is now being used by financial institutions in some member countries at the rate of 0.8597 euros per US$ and a fixed rate of 1.95583 deutsche marks per euro; the euro will replace the local currency in consenting countries for all transactions in 2002

Gibraltar

Published as “Currency”

1 Gibraltar pound (LG) = 100 pence

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • Gibraltar pounds (LG) per US$1--0.6057 (January 1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6106 (1997), 0.6403 (1996), 0.6335 (1995), 0.6529 (1994);
  • note--the Gibraltar pound is at par with the British pound

Greece

Published as “Currency”

1 drachma (Dr) = 100 lepta

Published as “Exchange rates”

drachmae (Dr) per US$1--278.78 (January 1999), 295.53 (1998), 273.06 (1997), 240.71 (1996), 231.66 (1995), 242.60 (1994)

Guernsey

Published as “Currency”

1 Guernsey (LG) pound = 100 pence

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • Guernsey pounds (LG) per US$1--0.6057 (January 1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6106 (1997), 0.6403 (1996), 0.6335 (1995), 0.6529 (1994);
  • note--the Guernsey pound is at par with the British pound

Holy See (Vatican City)

Published as “Currency”

1 Vatican lira (VLit) = 100 centesimi

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • Vatican lire (VLit) per US$1--1,688.7 (January 1998), 1,736.2 (1998), 1,703.1 (1997), 1,542.9 (1996), 1,628.9 (1995), 1,612.4 (1994);
  • note--the Vatican lira is at par with the Italian lira which circulates freely

Hungary

Published as “Currency”

1 forint (Ft) = 100 filler

Published as “Exchange rates”

forints per US$1--215.960 (January 1999), 214.402 (1998), 186.789 (1997), 152.647 (1996), 125.681 (1995),105.160 (1994)

Ireland

Published as “Currency”

1 Irish pound (LIr) = 100 pence

Published as “Exchange rates”

Irish pounds (LIr) per US$1--0.6815 (January 1999), 0.7014 (1998), 0.6588 (1997), 0.6248 (1996), 0.6235 (1995), 0.6676 (1994)

note: on 1 January 1999, the European Union introduced a common currency that is now being used by financial institutions in some member countries at the rate of 0.8597 euros per US$ and a fixed rate of 0.78764 Irish pounds per euro; the euro will replace the local currency in consenting countries for all transactions in 2002

Man, Isle of now Isle of Man

Published as “Currency”

1 Manx pound (LM) = 100 pence

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • Manx pounds (LM) per US$1--0.6057 (January 1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6106 (1997), 0.6403 (1996), 0.6335 (1995), 0.6529 (1994));
  • the Manx pound is at par with the British pound

Italy

Published as “Currency”

1 Italian lira (Lit) = 100 centesimi

Published as “Exchange rates”

Italian lire (Lit) per US$1--1,688.7 (January 1999), 1,736.2 (1998), 1,703.1 (1997), 1,542.9 (1996), 1,628.9 (1995), 1,612.4 (1994)

note: on 1 January 1999, the European Union introduced a common currency that is now being used by financial institutions in some member countries at the rate of 0.8597 euros per US$ and a fixed rate of 1,936.27 lire per euro; the euro will replace the local currency in consenting countries for all transactions in 2002

Jersey

Published as “Currency”

1 Jersey pound (LJ) = 100 pence

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • Jersey pounds (LJ) per US$1--0.6057 (January 1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6106 (1997), 0.6403 (1996), 0.6335 (1995), 0.6529 (1994);
  • the Jersey pound is at par with the British pound

Latvia

Published as “Currency”

1 Latvian lat (LVL) = 100 santims

Published as “Exchange rates”

lats (LVL) per US$1--0.570 (January 1999), 0.590 (1998), 0.581 (1997), 0.551 (1996), 0.528 (1995), 0.560 (1994)

Liechtenstein

Published as “Currency”

1 Swiss franc, franken, or franco (SwF) = 100 centimes, rappen, or centesimi

Published as “Exchange rates”

Swiss francs, franken, or franchi (SwF) per US$1--1.3837 (January 1999), 1.4498 (1998), 1.4513 (1997), 1.2360 (1996), 1.1825 (1995), 1.3677 (1994)

Lithuania

Published as “Currency”

1 Lithuanian litas = 100 centas

Published as “Exchange rates”

litai per US$1--4.000 (fixed rate since 1 May 1994), 3.978 (1994), 4.344 (1993), 1.773 (1992)

Luxembourg

Published as “Currency”

1 Luxembourg franc (LuxF) = 100 centimes; note--centimes no longer in use

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • Luxembourg francs (LuxF) per US$1--34.77 (January 1999), 36.299 (1998), 35.774 (1997), 30.962 (1996), 29.480 (1995), 33.456 (1994);
  • note--the Luxembourg franc is at par with the Belgian franc, which circulates freely in Luxembourg

note: on 1 January 1999, the European Union introduced a common currency that is now being used by financial institutions in some member countries at the rate of 0.8597 euros per US$ and a fixed rate of 40.3399 francs per euro; the euro will replace the local currency in consenting countries for all transactions in 2002

Malta

Published as “Currency”

1 Maltese lira (LM) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Maltese liri (LM) per US$1--0.3797 (January 1999), 0.3884 (1998), 0.3857 (1997), 0.3604 (1996), 0.3529 (1995), 0.3776 (1994)

Moldova

Published as “Currency”

the Moldovan leu (MLD) (plural lei) was introduced in late 1993

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • lei (MLD) per US$1 (end of period)--8.3226 (December 1998), 8.3395 (1998), 4.6605 (1997), 4.6500 (1996), 4.4990 (1995), 4.2700 (1994);
  • period average--4.6758 (January 1998), 4.6236 (1997), 4.6045 (1996), 4.4958 (1995)

Monaco

Published as “Currency”

1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

French francs (F) per US$1--5.65 (January 1999), 5.8995 (1998), 5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996), 4.9915 (1995), 5.5520 (1994)

Netherlands

Published as “Currency”

1 Netherlands guilder, gulden, or florin (f.) = 100 cents; note--on 1 January 2002 to be replaced by the euro

Published as “Exchange rates”

Netherlands guilders, gulden, or florins (f.) per US$1--1.8904 (January 1999), 1.9837 (1998), 1.9513 (1997), 1.6859 (1996), 1.6057 (1995), 1.8200 (1994)

note: on 1 January 1999, the European Union introduced a common currency that is now being used by financial institutions in some member countries at the rate of 0.8597 euros per US$ and a fixed rate of 2.20371 guilders per euro; the euro will replace the local currency in consenting countries for all transactions in 2002

Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of now North Macedonia

Published as “Currency”

1 Macedonian denar (MKD) = 100 deni

Published as “Exchange rates”

denars per US$1--52.156 (January 1999), 54.462 (1998), 50.004 (1997), 39.981 (1996), 37.882 (1995), 43.263 (1994)

Norway

Published as “Currency”

1 Norwegian krone (NKr) = 100 oere

Published as “Exchange rates”

Norwegian kroner (NKr) per US$1--7.4524 (January 1999), 7.5451 (1998), 7.0734 (1997), 6.4498 (1996), 6.3352 (1995), 7.0576 (1994)

Poland

Published as “Currency”

1 zloty (Zl) = 100 groszy

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • zlotych (Zl) per US$1--3.5409 (January 1999), 3.4754 (1998), 3.2793 (1997), 2.6961 (1996), 2.4250 (1995);
  • note--a currency reform on 1 January 1995 replaced 10,000 old zlotys with 1 new zloty;
  • 22,723 (1994)

Portugal

Published as “Currency”

1 Portuguese escudo (Esc) = 100 centavos

Published as “Exchange rates”

Portuguese escudos (Esc) per US$1--172.78 (January 1999), 180.10 (1998), 175.31 (1997), 154.24 (1996), 151.11 (1995), 165.99 (1994)

note: on 1 January 1999, the European Union introduced a common currency that is now being used by financial institutions in some member countries at the rate of 0.8597 euros per US$ and a fixed rate of 200.482 escudos per euro; the euro will replace the local currency in consenting countries for all transactions in 2002

Romania

Published as “Currency”

1 leu (L) = 100 bani

Published as “Exchange rates”

lei (L) per US$1--11,353.6 (January 1999), 8,875.6 (1998), 7,167.9 (1997), 3,084.2 (1996), 2,033.3 (1995), 1,655.1 (1994)

San Marino

Published as “Currency”

1 Italian lira (Lit) = 100 centesimi; note--also mints its own coins

Published as “Exchange rates”

Italian lire (Lit) per US$1--1,668.7 (January 1998),1,736.2 (1998), 1,703.1 (1997), 1,542.9 (1996), 1,628.9 (1995), 1,612.4 (1994)

Serbia and Montenegro

Published as “Currency”

1 Yugoslav New Dinar (YD) = 100 paras

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • Yugoslav New Dinars (YD) per US $1--official rate: 10.0 (December 1998), 5.85 (December 1997), 5.02 (September 1996), 1.5 (early 1995);
  • black market rate: 14.5 (December 1998), 8.9 (December 1997), 2 to 3 (early 1995)

Slovakia

Published as “Currency”

1 koruna (Sk) = 100 halierov

Published as “Exchange rates”

koruny (Sk) per US$1--36.207 (January 1999), 35.233 (1998). 33.616 (1997), 30.654 (1996), 29.713 (1995), 32.045 (1994)

Slovenia

Published as “Currency”

1 tolar (SlT) = 100 stotins

Published as “Exchange rates”

tolars (SlT) per US$1--162.50 (January 1999), 166.13 (1998), 159.69 (1997), 135.36 (1996), 118.52 (1995), 128.81 (1994)

Spain

Published as “Currency”

1 peseta (Pta) = 100 centimos

Published as “Exchange rates”

pesetas (Ptas) per US$1--143.39 (January 1999), 149.40 (1998), 146.41 (1997), 126.66 (1996), 124.69 (1995), 133.96 (1994)

note: on 1 January 1999, the European Union introduced a common currency that is now being used by financial institutions in some member countries at the rate of 0.8597 euros per US$ and a fixed rate of 166.386 pesetas per euro; the euro will replace the local currency in consenting countries for all transactions in 2002

Sweden

Published as “Currency”

1 Swedish krona (SKr) = 100 oere

Published as “Exchange rates”

Swedish kronor (SKr) per US$1--7.8193 (January 1999), 7.9499 (1998), 7.6349 (1997), 6.7060 (1996), 7.1333 (1995), 7.7160 (1994)

Switzerland

Published as “Currency”

1 Swiss franc, franken, or franco (SFR) = 100 centimes, rappen, or centesimi

Published as “Exchange rates”

Swiss francs, franken, or franchi (SFR) per US$1--1.3837 (January 1999), 1.4498 (1998), 1.4513 (1997), 1.2360 (1996), 1.1825 (1995), 1.3677 (1994)

Ukraine

Published as “Currency”

1 hryvna=100 kopiykas

Published as “Exchange rates”

hryvnia per US$1--3.4270 (February 1999), 2.4495 (1998), 1.8617 (1997), 1.8295 (1996), 1.4731 (1995), 0.3275 (1994)

note: in August 1998, Ukraine introduced currency controls in an attempt to fend off the impact of the Russian financial crisis; it created an exchange rate corridor for the hryvnia of 2.5-3.5 hryvnia per US$1

United Kingdom

Published as “Currency”

1 British pound (L) = 100 pence

Published as “Exchange rates”

British pounds (L) per US$1--0.6057 (January 1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6106 (1997), 0.6403 (1996), 0.6335 (1995), 0.6529 (1994)

Middle East

17 entries

Bahrain

Published as “Currency”

1 Bahraini dinar (BD) = 1,000 fils

Published as “Exchange rates”

Bahraini dinars (BD) per US$1--0.3760 (fixed rate)

Cyprus

Published as “Currency”

Greek Cypriot area:
1 Cypriot pound (LC) = 100 cents;

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • Cypriot pounds per US1$--0.5013 (January 1999), 0.5170 (1998), 0.5135 (1997), 0.4663 (1996), 0.4522 (1995), 0.4915 (1994);
  • Turkish liras (TL) per US$1--331,400 (January 1999), 260,724 (1998), 151,865 (1997), 81,405 (1996), 45,845.1 (1995), 29,608.7 (1994)

Gaza Strip

Published as “Currency”

1 new Israeli shekel (NIS) = 100 new agorot

Published as “Exchange rates”

new Israeli shekels (NIS) per US$1--4.2260 (November 1998), 3.4494 (1997), 3.1917 (1996), 3.0113 (1995), 3.0111 (1994)

Iran

Published as “Currency”

10 Iranian rials (IR) = 1 toman; note--domestic figures are generally referred to in terms of the toman

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • Iranian rials (IR) per US$1--1,754.63 (January 1999), 1,751.86 (1998), 1,752.92 (1997), 1,750.76 (1996), 1,747.93 (1995), 1,748.75 (1994);
  • black market rate: 7,000 rials per US$1 (December 1998);
  • note--as of May 1995, the "official rate" of 1,750 rials per US$1 is used for imports of essential goods and services and for oil exports, whereas the "official export rate" of 3,000 rials per US$1 is used for non-oil exports and imports not covered by the official rate

Iraq

Published as “Currency”

1 Iraqi dinar (ID) = 1,000 fils

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • Iraqi dinars (ID) per US$1--0.3109 (fixed official rate since 1982);
  • black market rate--Iraqi dinars (ID) per US$1--1,810 (December 1998), 1,530 (December 1997), 3,000 (December 1995);
  • subject to wide fluctuations

Israel

Published as “Currency”

1 new Israeli shekel (NIS) = 100 new agorot

Published as “Exchange rates”

new Israeli shekels (NIS) per US$1--4.2269 (November 1998), 3.4494 (1997), 3.1917 (1996), 3.0113 (1995), 3.0111 (1994)

Jordan

Published as “Currency”

1 Jordanian dinar (JD) = 1,000 fils

Published as “Exchange rates”

Jordanian dinars (JD) per US$1--0.7090 (January 1999-1996), 0.7005 (1995), 0.6987 (1994), 0.6928 (1993)

note: since May 1989, the dinar has been pegged to a basket of currencies

Kuwait

Published as “Currency”

1 Kuwaiti dinar (KD) = 1,000 fils

Published as “Exchange rates”

Kuwaiti dinars (KD) per US$1--0.3018 (January 1999), 0.3047 (1998), 0.3033 (1997), 0.2994 (1996), 0.2984 (1995), 0.2976 (1994)

Lebanon

Published as “Currency”

1 Lebanese pound (LL) = 100 piasters

Published as “Exchange rates”

Lebanese pounds (LL) per US$1--1,508.0 (January 1999), 1,516.1 (1998), 1,539.5 (1997), 1,571.4 (1996), 1,621.4 (1995), 1,680.1 (1994)

Oman

Published as “Currency”

1 Omani rial (RO) = 1,000 baiza

Published as “Exchange rates”

Omani rials (RO) per US$1--0.3845 (fixed rate since 1986)

Qatar

Published as “Currency”

1 Qatari riyal (QR) = 100 dirhams

Published as “Exchange rates”

Qatari riyals (QR) per US$1--3.6400 riyals (fixed rate)

Saudi Arabia

Published as “Currency”

1 Saudi riyal (SR) = 100 halalah

Published as “Exchange rates”

Saudi riyals (SR) per US$1--3.7450 (fixed rate since June 1986)

Syria

Published as “Currency”

1 Syrian pound (LS) = 100 piastres

Published as “Exchange rates”

Syrian pounds (LS) per US$1--46 (1998), 41.9 (January 1997); official fixed rate 11.225

Turkey now Turkiye

Published as “Currency”

Turkish lira (TL)

Published as “Exchange rates”

Turkish liras (TL) per US$1--331,400 (January 1999), 260,724 (1998), 151,865 (1997), 81,405 (1996), 45,845.1 (1995), 29,608.7 (1994)

United Arab Emirates

Published as “Currency”

1 Emirian dirham (Dh) = 100 fils

Published as “Exchange rates”

Emirian dirhams (Dh) per US$1--central bank

mid-point rate:
3.6725 (January 1999), 3.6725 (1998); fixed rate: 3.6710 (1994-1997)

West Bank

Published as “Currency”

1 new Israeli shekel (NIS) = 100 new agorot; 1 Jordanian dinar (JD) = 1,000 fils

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • new Israeli shekels (NIS) per US$1--4.2260 (November 1998), 3.4494 (1997), 3.1917 (1996), 3.0113 (1995), 3.0111 (1994);
  • Jordanian dinars (JD) per US$1--0.7090 (January 1999), 0.7090 (1998), 0.7090 (1997), 0.7090 (1996), 0.7005 (1995), 0.6987 (1994)

Yemen

Published as “Currency”

Yemeni rial (YRl) (new currency)

Published as “Exchange rates”

Yemeni rials (YRl) per US$1--140.940 (October 1998), 129.286 (1997), 94.157 (1996), 40.839 (1995), 12.010 (official fixed rate 1991-94)

North America

5 entries

Bermuda

Published as “Currency”

1 Bermudian dollar (Bd$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Bermudian dollar (Bd$) per US$1--1.0000 (fixed rate)

Canada

Published as “Currency”

1 Canadian dollar (Can$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Canadian dollars (Can$) per US$1--1.5192 (January 1999), 1.4835 (1998), 1.3846 (1997), 1.3635 (1996), 1.3724 (1995), 1.3656 (1994)

Mexico

Published as “Currency”

1 New Mexican peso (Mex$) = 100 centavos

Published as “Exchange rates”

Mexican pesos (Mex$) per US$1--10.1104 (January 1999), 9.1360 (1998), 7.9141 (1997), 7.5994(1996), 6.4194 (1995), 3.3751 (1994)

Saint Pierre and Miquelon

Published as “Currency”

1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

French francs (F) per US$1--5.65 (January 1999), 5.8995 (1998), 5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996), 4.9915 (1995), 5.5520 (1994)

United States

Published as “Currency”

1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • British pounds (L) per US$--0.6057 (January 1999), 0.6037 (1998), 0.6106 (1997), 0.6403 (1996), 0.6335 (1995), 0.6529 (1994);
  • Canadian dollars (Can$) per US$--1.5192 (January 1999), 1.4835 (1998), 1.3846 (1997), 1.3635 (1996), 1.3724 (1995), 1.3656 (1994);
  • French francs (F) per US$--5.65 (January 1999), 5.8995 (1998), 5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996), 4.9915 (1995), 5.5520 (1994);
  • Italian lire (Lit) per US$--1,668.7 (January 1999), 1,763.2 (1998), 1,703.1 (1997), 1,542.9 (1996), 1,628.9 (1995), 1,612.4 (1994);
  • Japanese yen (Y) per US$--113.18 (January 1999), 130.91 (1998), 120.99 (1997), 108.78 (1996), 94.06 (1995), 102.21 (1994);
  • German deutsche marks (DM) per US$--1.69 (January 1999), 1.9692 (1998), 1.7341 (1997), 1.5048 (1996), 1.4331 (1995), 1.6228 (1994);
  • Euro per US$--0.8597 (January 1999)

Oceania

25 entries

American Samoa

Published as “Currency”

1 US dollar (US$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

US currency is used

Australia

Published as “Currency”

1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Australian dollars ($A) per US$1--1.56 (February 1999), 1.5888 (1998), 1.3439 (1997), 1.2773 (1996), 1.3486 (1995), 1.3668 (1994)

Cook Islands

Published as “Currency”

1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1--1.8560 (January 1999), 1.8629 (1998), 1.5083 (1997), 1.4543 (1996), 1.5235 (1995), 1.6844 (1994)

Fiji

Published as “Currency”

1 Fijian dollar (F$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Fijian dollars (F$) per US$1--1.9556 (January 1999), 1.9868 (1998), 1.4437 (1997), 1.4033 (1996), 1.4063 (1995), 1.4641 (1994)

French Polynesia

Published as “Currency”

1 Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (CFPF) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (CFPF) per US$1--102.72 (January 1999), 107.25 (1998), 106.11 (1997), 93.00 (1996), 90.75 (1995), 100.94 (1994);
  • note--linked at the rate of 18.18 to the French franc

Guam

Published as “Currency”

1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

US currency is used

Kiribati

Published as “Currency”

1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Australian dollars ($A) per US$1--1.5853 (January 1999), 1.5888 (1998), 1.3439 (1997), 1.2773 (1996), 1.3486 (1995), 1.3667 (1994)

Marshall Islands

Published as “Currency”

1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

US currency is used

Micronesia, Federated States of now Federated States of Micronesia

Published as “Currency”

1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

US currency is used

Nauru

Published as “Currency”

1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Australian dollars ($A) per US$1--1.5853 (January 1999), 1.5888 (1998), 1.3439 (1997), 1.2773 (1996), 1.3486 (1995), 1.3667 (1994)

New Caledonia

Published as “Currency”

1 Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (CFPF) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (CFPF) per US$1--102.72 (January 1999), 107.25 (1998), 106.11 (1997), 93.00 (1996), 90.75 (1995), 100.93 (1994);
  • note--linked at the rate of 18.18 to the French franc

New Zealand

Published as “Currency”

1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1--1.85 (February 1999), 1.8629 (1998), 1.5083 (1997), 1.4543 (1996), 1.5235 (1995), 1.6844 (1994)

Niue

Published as “Currency”

1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1--1.8560 (January 1999), 1.8629 (1998), 1.5082 (1997), 1.4543 (1996), 1.5235 (1995), 1.6844 (1994)

Norfolk Island

Published as “Currency”

1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Australian dollars ($A) per US$1--1.5853 (January 1999), 1.5888 (1998), 1.3439 (1997), 1.2773 (1996), 1.3486 (1995), 1.3667 (1994)

Northern Mariana Islands

Published as “Currency”

1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

US currency is used

Palau

Published as “Currency”

1 United States dollar (US$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

US currency is used

Papua New Guinea

Published as “Currency”

1 kina (K) = 100 toea

Published as “Exchange rates”

kina (K) per US$1--0.47 (December 1998), 0.6975 (1997), 0.7588 (1996), 0.7835 (1995), 0.9950 (1994); note--the government floated the kina on 10 October 1994

Pitcairn Islands

Published as “Currency”

1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1--1.8560 (January 1999), 1.8629 (1998), 1.5083 (1997), 1.4543 (1996), 1.5235 (1995), 1.6844 (1994)

Samoa

Published as “Currency”

1 tala (WS$) = 100 sene

Published as “Exchange rates”

tala (WS$) per US$1--2.9011 (January 1999), 2.9429 (1998), 2.5562 (1997), 2.4618 (1996), 2.4722 (1995), 2.5349 (1994)

Solomon Islands

Published as “Currency”

1 Solomon Islands dollar (SI$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Solomon Islands dollars (SI$) per US$1--4.9334 (January 1999), 4.8156 (1998), 3.5664 (1997), 3.4059 (1995), 3.2914 (1994)

Tokelau

Published as “Currency”

1 New Zealand dollar (NZ$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

New Zealand dollars (NZ$) per US$1--1.8560 (January 1999), 1.8629 (1998), 1.5083 (1997), 1.4543 (1996), 1.5235 (1995), 1.6844 (1994)

Tonga

Published as “Currency”

1 pa'anga (T$) = 100 seniti

Published as “Exchange rates”

pa'anga (T$) per US$1--1.6171 (December 1998), 1.4921 (1998), 1.2635 (1997), 1.2323 (1996), 1.2709 (1995), 1.3202 (1994)

Tuvalu

Published as “Currency”

1 Tuvaluan dollar ($T) or 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Tuvaluan dollars ($T) or Australian dollars ($A) per US$1--1.5853 (January 1999), 1.5888 (1998), 1.3439 (1997), 1.2773 (1996), 1.3486 (1995), 1.3667 (1994)

Vanuatu

Published as “Currency”

1 vatu (VT) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

vatu (VT) per US$1--129.66 (January 1999), 127.52 (1998), 115.87 (1997), 111.72 (1996), 112.11 (1995), 116.41 (1994)

Wallis and Futuna

Published as “Currency”

1 Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique franc (CFPF) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • Comptoirs Francais du Pacifique francs (CFPF) per US$1--102.72 (January 1999), 107.25 (1998), 106.11 (1997), 93.00 (1996), 90.75 (1995), 100.94 (1994);
  • note--linked at the rate of 18.18 to the French franc

South America

14 entries

Argentina

Published as “Currency”

1 peso = 100 centavos

Published as “Exchange rates”

peso is pegged to the US dollar at an exchange rate of 1 peso = $1

Bolivia

Published as “Currency”

1 boliviano ($B) = 100 centavos

Published as “Exchange rates”

bolivianos ($B) per US$1--5.6491 (January 1999), 5.5101 (1998), 5.2543 (1997), 5.0746 (1996), 4.8003 (1995), 4.6205 (1994)

Brazil

Published as “Currency”

1 real (R$) = 100 centavos

Published as “Exchange rates”

reals (R$) per US$1--1.501 (January 1999), 1.161 (1998), 1.078 (1997), 1.005 (1996), 0.918 (1995), 0.639 (1994); CR$ per US$1--390.845 (January 1994)

note: the real (R$) was introduced on 1 July 1994, equal to 2,750 cruzeiro reais; from October 1994 through 14 January 1999, the official rate was determined by a managed float; since 15 January 1999, the official rate floats independently with respect to the US$

Chile

Published as “Currency”

1 Chilean peso (Ch$) = 100 centavos

Published as “Exchange rates”

Chilean pesos (Ch$) per US$1--475.68 (January 1999), 460.29 (1998), 419.30 (1997), 412.27 (1996), 396.78 (1995), 420.08 (1994)

Colombia

Published as “Currency”

1 Colombian peso (Col$) = 100 centavos

Published as “Exchange rates”

Colombian pesos (Col$) per US$1--1,562.0 (February 1999), 1,426.04 (1998), 1,140.96 (1997), 1,036.69 (1996), 912.83 (1995), 844.84 (1994)

Ecuador

Published as “Currency”

1 sucre (S/) = 100 centavos

Published as “Exchange rates”

sucres (S/) per US$1--7,133.1 (January 1999), 5,446.6 (1998), 3,988.3 (1997), 3,189.5 (1996), 2,564.5 (1995), 2,196.7 (1994)

Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas)

Published as “Currency”

1 Falkland pound (LF) = 100 pence

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • Falkland pound (LF) per US$1--0.6057 (January 1999), 0.5037 (1998), 0.6106 (1997), 0.6403 (1996), 0.6335 (1995), 0.6529 (1994);
  • note--the Falkland pound is at par with the British pound

French Guiana

Published as “Currency”

1 French franc (F) = 100 centimes

Published as “Exchange rates”

French francs (F) per US$1--5.65 (January 1999), 5.8995 (1998), 5.8367 (1997), 5.1155 (1996), 4.9915 (1995), 5.5520 (1994)

Guyana

Published as “Currency”

1 Guyanese dollar (G$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Guyanese dollars (G$) per US$1--163.7 (December 1998), 150.5 (1998), 142.4 (1997), 140.4 (1996), 142.0 (1995), 138.3 (1994)

Paraguay

Published as “Currency”

1 guarani (G) = 100 centimos

Published as “Exchange rates”

guaranies (G) per US$--2,866.3 (January 1999), 2,755.7 (1998), 2,191.0 (1997), 2,062.8 (1996), 1,970.4 (1995), 1,911.5 (1994)

Peru

Published as “Currency”

1 nuevo sol (S/.) = 100 centimos

Published as “Exchange rates”

nuevo sol (S/.) per US$1--3.250 (January 1999), 2.930 (1998), 2.664 (1997), 2.453 (1996), 2.253 (1995), 2.195 (1994)

Suriname

Published as “Currency”

1 Surinamese guilder, gulden, or florin (Sf.) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • Surinamese guilders, gulden, or florins (Sf.) per US$1--850 (January 1999);
  • central bank midpoint rate: 401.00 (1998), 401.00 (1997), 401.26 (1996), 442.23 (1995), 134.12 (1994);
  • parallel
rate:
800 (December 1998), 412 (December 1995), 510 (December 1994)

note: beginning July 1994, the central bank midpoint exchange rate was unified and became market determined; during 1998, the exchange rate splintered into four distinct rates; in January 1999 the government floated the guilder

Uruguay

Published as “Currency”

1 Uruguayan peso ($Ur) = 100 centesimos

Published as “Exchange rates”

Uruguayan pesos ($Ur) per US$1--11.08 (January 1999), 9.98 (January 1998), 9.4418 (1997), 7.9718 (1996), 6.3491 (1995), 5.0529 (1994)

Venezuela

Published as “Currency”

1 bolivar (Bs) = 100 centimos

Published as “Exchange rates”

bolivares (Bs) per US$1--570.267 (January 1999), 547.556 (1998), 488.635 (1997), 417.333 (1996), 176.843 (1995), 148.503 (1994)

Southeast Asia

15 entries

Brunei

Published as “Currency”

1 Bruneian dollar (B$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • Bruneian dollars (B$) per US$1--1.6781 (January 1999), 1.6736 (1998), 1.4848 (1997), 1.4100 (1996), 1.4174 (1995), 1.5274 (1994);
  • note--the Bruneian dollar is at par with the Singapore dollar

Burma now Burma (Myanmar)

Published as “Currency”

1 kyat (K) = 100 pyas

Published as “Exchange rates”

kyats (K) per US$1--6.1163 (January 1999), 6.3432 (1998), 6.2418 (1997), 5.9176 (1996), 5.6670 (1995), 5.9749 (1994); unofficial--310-350 (1998)

Cambodia

Published as “Currency”

1 new riel (CR) = 100 sen

Published as “Exchange rates”

riels (CR) per US$1--3,772.0 (January 1999), 3,744.4 (1998), 2,946.3 (1997), 2,624.1 (1996), 2,450.8 (1995), 2,545.3 (1994)

Christmas Island

Published as “Currency”

1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Australian dollars ($A) per US$1--1.5853 (January 1999), 1.5888 (1998), 1.3439 (1997), 1.2773 (1996), 1.3486 (1995), 1.3667 (1994)

Cocos (Keeling) Islands

Published as “Currency”

1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Australian dollars ($A) per US$1--1.5853 (January 1999), 1.5888 (1998), 1.3439 (1997), 1.2773 (1996), 1.3486 (1995), 1.3667 (1994)

Hong Kong

Published as “Currency”

1 Hong Kong dollar (HK$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Hong Kong dollars (HK$) per US$--7.74 (1997-99), 7.730 (1996), 7.800 (1995), 7.800 (1994); note--linked to the US dollar at the rate of about 7.8 HK$ per 1 US$

Indonesia

Published as “Currency”

Indonesian rupiah (Rp)

Published as “Exchange rates”

Indonesian rupiahs (Rp) per US$1--8,714.3 (January 1999), 10,013.6 (1998), 2,909.4 (1997), 2,342.3 (1996), 2,248.6 (1995), 2,160.8 (1994)

Laos

Published as “Currency”

1 new kip (NK) = 100 at

Published as “Exchange rates”

new kips (NK) per US$1--4,217 (January 1999), 3,299.21 (1998), 1,256.73 (1997), 921.14 (1996), 804.69 (1995), 717.67 (1994)

note: as of September 1995, a floating exchange rate policy was adopted

Macau

Published as “Currency”

1 pataca (P) = 100 avos

Published as “Exchange rates”

  • patacas (P) per US$1--7.74 (1998), 7.99 (1997), 7.962 (1996), 8.034 (1993-95), 7.973 (1992);
  • note--linked to the Hong Kong dollar at the rate of 1.03 patacas per Hong Kong dollar

Malaysia

Published as “Currency”

1 ringgit (M$) = 100 sen

Published as “Exchange rates”

ringgits (M$) per US$1--3.8000 (January 1999), 3.9244 (1998), 2.8133 (1997), 2.5159 (1996), 2.5044 (1995), 2.6243 (1994)

Philippines

Published as “Currency”

1 Philippine peso (P) = 100 centavos

Published as “Exchange rates”

Philippine pesos (P) per US$1--38.404 (January 1999), 40.893 (1998), 29.471 (1997), 26.216 (1996), 25.714 (1995), 26.417 (1994)

Singapore

Published as “Currency”

1 Singapore dollar (S$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

Singapore dollars (S$) per US$1--1.6781 (January 1999), 1.6736 (1998), 1.4848 (1997), 1.4100 (1996), 1.4174 (1995), 1.5274 (1994)

Taiwan

Published as “Currency”

1 New Taiwan dollar (NT$) = 100 cents

Published as “Exchange rates”

New Taiwan dollars per US$1--32.45 (yearend 1997), 27.5 (1996), 27.4 (1995), 26.2 (1994)

Thailand

Published as “Currency”

1 baht (B) = 100 satang

Published as “Exchange rates”

baht (B) per US$1--36.624 (January 1999), 41.359 (1998), 31.364 (1997), 25.343 (1996), 24.915 (1995), 25.150 (1994)

Vietnam

Published as “Currency”

1 new dong (D) = 100 xu

Published as “Exchange rates”

new dong (D) per US$1--13,900 (December 1998), 11,100 (December 1996), 11,193 (1995 average), 11,000 (October 1994), 10,800 (November 1993), 8,100 (July 1991)

Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook 1999, “Exchange rates”, all entries. Archived by The Factbook, thefactbook.org/fields/exchange-rates/1999.

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