Telecommunication systems In 35 editions of 36.

domestic :

NA

international:

NA

domestic:

excellent service in north but sparse in south; domestic satellite system with 12 earth stations (20 additional domestic earth stations are planned)

international:

• 5 submarine cables;
• microwave radio relay to Italy, France, Spain, Morocco, and Tunisia;
• coaxial cable to Morocco and Tunisia;
• participant in Medarabtel;
• satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 Intersputnik, and 1 Arabsat

telephone service limited mostly to government and business use; HF radiotelephone used extensively for military links

domestic:

limited system of wire, microwave radio relay, and tropospheric scatter

international:

satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

domestic:

fair system of open wire and microwave radio relay

international :

satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); submarine cable

sparse system

domestic:

small system of open-wire lines, microwave radio relay links, and a few radiotelephone communication stations

international:

microwave radio relay links to Zambia, Zimbabwe and South Africa; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)

all services only fair

domestic:

microwave radio relay, open wire, and radiotelephone communication stations

international :

satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

primitive system

domestic:

sparse system of open wire, radiotelephone communications, and low-capacity microwave radio relay

international :

satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)

domestic:

interisland microwave radio relay system

international :

• 2 coaxial submarine cables;
• HF radiotelephone to Senegal and Guinea-Bissau;
• satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

available only to business and government

domestic:

cable, microwave radio relay, and tropospheric scatter

international:

satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

fair system

domestic:

network consists principally of microwave radio relay and low-capacity, low-powered radiotelephone communication

international:

satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

primitive system

domestic:

fair system of radiotelephone communication stations

international:

satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

sparse system of microwave radio relay and HF radiotelephone communication stations

domestic:

HF radiotelephone communications and microwave radio relay

international:

HF radiotelephone communications to Madagascar and Reunion

domestic :

barely adequate wire and microwave radio relay service in and between urban areas; domestic satellite system with 14 earth stations

international:

satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

• services barely adequate for government use;
• key exchanges are in Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire, and Loubomo;
• inter-city lines frequently out of order

domestic:

primary network consists of microwave radio relay and coaxial cable

international :

satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

well-developed by African standards but operating well below capacity

domestic:

open-wire lines and microwave radio relay

international:

satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean); 2 coaxial submarine cables

telephone facilities in the city of Djibouti are adequate as are the microwave radio relay connections to outlying areas of the country

domestic:

microwave radio relay network

international:

• submarine cable to Jiddah, Suez, Sicily, Marseilles, Colombo, and Singapore;
• satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Arabsat;
• MEDARABTEL regional microwave radio relay telephone network

large system by Third World standards but inadequate for present requirements and undergoing extensive upgrading

domestic:

principal centers at Alexandria, Cairo, Al Mansurah, Ismailia, Suez, and Tanta are connected by coaxial cable and microwave radio relay

international:

• satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean), 1 Arabsat, and 1 Inmarsat;
• 5 coaxial submarine cables;
• tropospheric scatter to Sudan;
• microwave radio relay to Israel;
• participant in Medarabtel

poor system with adequate government services

domestic:

NA

international:

international communications from Bata and Malabo to African and European countries; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)

domestic :

• very inadequate;
• about 4 telephones per 100 families, most of which are in Asmara;
• government is seeking international tenders to improve the system

international:

NA

domestic :

• system consists of carrier-equipped,
• open-wire lines and low-capacity,
• microwave radio relay

international:

satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

open wire and microwave radio relay system adequate for government use

domestic:

open wire and microwave radio relay

international:

• open wire to Sudan and Djibouti;
• microwave radio relay to Kenya and Djibouti;
• satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Pacific Ocean)

domestic:

adequate system of cable, microwave radio relay, tropospheric scatter, radiotelephone communication stations, and a domestic satellite system with 12 earth stations

international:

satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

domestic:

adequate network of microwave radio relay and open wire

international:

microwave radio relay links to Senegal and Guinea-Bissau; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

poor to fair system

domestic:

primarily microwave radio relay

international :

satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

poor to fair system of open-wire lines, small radiotelephone communication stations, and new microwave radio relay system

domestic :

microwave radio relay and radiotelephone communication

international:

satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

poor system

domestic:

combination of microwave radio relay, open-wire lines, and radiotelephone communications

international:

NA

in top group of African systems

domestic:

primarily microwave radio relay

international:

satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean)

rudimentary system

domestic:

consists of a few landlines, a small microwave radio relay system, and a minor radiotelephone communication system

international :

satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

• telephone and telegraph service via microwave radio relay network;
• main center is Monrovia;
• most telecommunications services inoperable due to insurgency

domestic:

NA

international :

satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

modern telecommunications system

domestic:

microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, tropospheric scatter, and a domestic satellite system with 14 earth stations

international:

• satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean);
• planned Arabsat and Intersputnik satellite earth stations;
• submarine cables to France and Italy;
• microwave radio relay to Tunisia and Egypt;
• tropospheric scatter to Greece;
• participant in Medarabtel

system is above average for Africa

domestic:

open-wire lines, coaxial cables, microwave radio relay, and tropospheric scatter links

international:

submarine cable to Bahrain; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean Region)

domestic :

fair system of open-wire lines, microwave radio relay links, and radiotelephone communications stations

international:

satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean)

domestic system poor but improving; provides only minimal service

domestic:

network consists of microwave radio relay, open wire, and radiotelephone communications stations; expansion of microwave radio relay in progress

international:

satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean)

poor system of cable and open-wire lines, minor microwave radio relay links, and radiotelephone communications stations (improvements being made)

domestic :

mostly cable and open-wire lines

international:

satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 2 Arabsat

small system with good service

domestic:

primarily microwave radio relay

international:

• satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean);
• new microwave link to Reunion;
• HF radiotelephone links to several countries

small system administered by French Department of Posts and Telecommunications

domestic :

NA

international:

microwave radio relay and HF radiotelephone communications to Comoros and other international connections

domestic:

• good system composed of open-wire lines, cables, and microwave radio relay links;
• principal centers are Casablanca and Rabat;
• secondary centers are Fes, Marrakech, Oujda, Tangier, and Tetouan

international :

• 5 submarine cables;
• satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Arabsat;
• microwave radio relay to Gibraltar, Spain, and Western Sahara;
• coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Algeria;
• participant in Medarabtel

fair system of tropospheric scatter, open-wire lines, and microwave radio relay

domestic:

microwave radio relay and tropospheric scatter

international :

satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 3 Indian Ocean)

domestic:

• good urban services;
• fair rural service;
• microwave radio relay links major towns;
• connections to other populated places are by open wire

international:

NA

note: a fully automated digital network is to be operational by 1997

small system of wire, radiotelephone communications, and microwave radio relay links concentrated in southwestern area

domestic:

wire, radiotelephone communications, and microwave radio relay; domestic satellite system with 3 earth stations and 1 planned

international:

satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean)

average system limited by poor maintenance; major expansion in progress

domestic:

microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, and 20 domestic satellite earth stations carry intercity traffic

international:

satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean); 1 coaxial submarine cable

adequate system; principal center is Saint-Denis

domestic :

modern open wire and microwave radio relay network

international:

• radiotelephone communication to Comoros, France, Madagascar;
• new microwave route to Mauritius;
• satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)

telephone system does not provide service to the general public but is intended for business and government use

domestic :

• the capital, Kigali, is connected to the centers of the prefectures by microwave radio relay;
• the remainder of the network depends on wire and HF radiotelephone

international:

• international connections employ microwave radio relay to neighboring countries and satellite communications to more distant countries;
• satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) in Kigali (includes telex and telefax service)

domestic :

automatic network; HF radiotelephone to Ascension, then into worldwide submarine cable and satellite networks

international:

major coaxial submarine cable relay point between South Africa, Portugal, and UK at Ascension; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

domestic:

minimal system

international:

satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

domestic:

above-average urban system; microwave radio relay, coaxial cable and fiber optic cable in trunk system

international :

4 submarine cables; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

domestic :

radiotelephone communications between islands in the archipelago

international:

direct radiotelephone communications with adjacent island countries and African coastal countries; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)

marginal telephone and telegraph service

domestic:

national microwave radio relay system made unserviceable by military activities

international:

satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

• the public telecommunications system was completely destroyed or dismantled by the civil war factions;
• all relief organizations depend on their own private systems

domestic:

recently, local cellular telephone systems have been established in Mogadishu and in several other population centers

international :

international connections are available from Mogadishu by satellite

the system is the best developed, most modern, and has the highest capacity in Africa

domestic:

• consists of carrier-equipped open-wire lines, coaxial cables, microwave radio relay links, fiber-optic cable, and radiotelephone communication stations;
• key centers are Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg, Port Elizabeth, and Pretoria

international :

1 submarine cable; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 2 Atlantic Ocean)

• large,
• well-equipped system by African standards,
• but barely adequate and poorly maintained by modern standards

domestic:

consists of microwave radio relay, cable, radiotelephone communications, tropospheric scatter, and a domestic satellite system with 14 earth stations

international:

satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Arabsat

fair system operating below capacity

domestic:

• open wire,
• microwave radio relay,
• tropospheric scatter

international:

satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean)

fair system based on network of microwave radio relay routes supplemented by open-wire lines

domestic:

microwave radio relay and open-wire lines

international:

satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Symphonie

the system is above the African average; key centers are Sfax, Sousse, Bizerte, and Tunis

domestic :

trunk facilities consist of open-wire lines, coaxial cable, and microwave radio relay

international:

• 5 submarine cables;
• satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Arabsat with back-up control station;
• coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Algeria and Libya;
• participant in Medarabtel

fair system

domestic:

microwave radio relay and radiotelephone communications stations

international:

satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

sparse and limited system

domestic:

NA

international:

• tied into Morocco's system by microwave radio relay, tropospheric scatter, and satellite;
• satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) linked to Rabat, Morocco

facilities are among the best in Sub-Saharan Africa

domestic :

high-capacity microwave radio relay connects most larger towns and cities

international:

satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1 Atlantic Ocean)

system was once one of the best in Africa, but now suffers from poor maintenance

domestic:

consists of microwave radio relay links, open-wire lines, and radiotelephone communication stations

international:

satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

domestic:

NA

international:

NA

domestic:

NA

international :

NA

domestic:

NA

international:

coastal radiotelephone station at Grytviken

adequate domestic and international service provided by cables and microwave radio relay; totally digitalized in 1995

domestic:

microwave radio relay

international :

2 coaxial submarine cables; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

adequate domestic service

domestic:

the trunk network consists of coaxial and fiber-optic cables and microwave radio relay links

international:

• satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean Regions);
• note - Iceland shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden)

domestic:

NA

international:

NA

domestic:

local telephone service

international:

satellite earth station - 1 of NA type (for communication with Norwegian mainland only)

domestic :

very limited telephone and telegraph service

international:

satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) linked only to Iran and 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean Region)

joint venture agreement to install fiber-optic cable and construct facilities for cellular telephone service is in the implementation phase

domestic:

NA

international :

international connections to other former Soviet republics are by landline or microwave radio relay and to other countries by satellite and by leased connection through the Moscow international gateway switch; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat

• 202,000 persons waiting for telephone installations (January 1991 est.)

domestic:

telephone service is of poor quality and inadequate; a joint venture to establish a cellular telephone system in the Baku area is operational

international:

• cable and microwave radio relay connections to former Soviet republics;
• connection through Moscow international gateway switch to other countries;
• satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat and 1 Intersputnik (Intelsat provides service to Turkey and through Turkey to 200 more countries; Intersputnik provides direct service to New York)

domestic:

poor domestic telephone service

international :

satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Indian Ocean); international radiotelephone communications and landline service to neighboring countries

domestic:

domestic telephone service is very poor with very few telephones in use

international :

international telephone and telegraph service is by landline through India; a satellite earth station was planned (1990)

facilities for military needs only

domestic:

NA

international:

NA

• domestic and international services are increasingly available for private use;
• unevenly distributed domestic system serves principal cities, industrial centers, and most townships

domestic:

• telephone lines are being expanded to 100 million by 1996;
• interprovincial fiber-optic trunk lines and cellular telephone systems have been installed;
• a domestic satellite system with 55 earth stations is in place

international:

• satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (4 Pacific Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean Region) and 1 Inmarsat (Pacific and Indian Ocean Regions);
• several international fiber-optic links to Japan, South Korea, and Hong Kong

poor service; 339,000 unsatisfied applications for telephones (December 1990 est.)

domestic:

NA

international:

• landline to CIS members and Turkey;
• satellite earth station - 1 Eutelsat;
• leased connections with other countries via the Moscow international gateway switch;
• international electronic mail and telex service available

• probably the least adequate telephone system of any of the industrializing countries;
• three of every four villages have no telephone service;
• only 5% of India's villages have long-distance service;
• poor telephone service significantly impedes commercial and industrial growth and penalizes India in global markets;
• slow improvement is taking place with the recent admission of private and private-public investors, but demand for communication services is also growing rapidly

domestic :

• local service is provided mostly by open wire and obsolete electromechanical and manual switchboard systems;
• within the last 10 years a substantial amount of digital switch gear has been introduced for local service;
• long-distance traffic is carried mostly by open wire, coaxial cable, and low-capacity microwave radio relay;
• since 1985, however, significant trunk capacity has been added in the form of fiber-optic cable and a domestic satellite system with over 100 earth stations

international :

satellite earth stations - 8 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean Region); submarine cables to Malaysia and UAE

excellent domestic and international service

domestic:

NA

international:

• satellite earth stations - 5 Intelsat (4 Pacific Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean Region), and 1 Inmarsat (Pacific and Indian Ocean Regions);
• submarine cables to China, Philippines, Russia, and US (via Guam)

service is poor

domestic:

landline and microwave radio relay

international:

• international traffic with other former Soviet republics and China carried by landline and microwave radio relay and with other countries by satellite and through 8 international telecommunications circuits at the Moscow international gateway switch;
• satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat and a new satellite earth station established at Almaty of unknown type

system is believed to be available principally for government business

domestic:

NA

international:

satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean Region); other international connections through Moscow and Beijing

excellent domestic and international services

domestic:

NA

international:

fiber-optic submarine cable to China; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (2 Pacific Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) and 1 Inmarsat (Pacific Ocean Region)

poorly developed; about 100,000 unsatisfied applications for household telephones

domestic:

principally microwave radio relay

international:

• connections with other CIS countries by landline or microwave radio relay and with other countries by leased connections with Moscow international gateway switch and by satellite;
• satellite earth stations - 1 Intersputnik and 1 Intelsat

minimal domestic and international facilities

domestic:

inter-atoll communication primarily through HF transceivers and VHF/UHF telephones

international:

satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)

domestic:

NA

international:

satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Indian Ocean Region)

poor telephone and telegraph service; fair radiotelephone communication service

domestic:

NA

international:

radiotelephone communications; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)

• the domestic system is mediocre, but adequate for government and business use, in part because major businesses have established their own private systems;
• since 1988, the government has promoted investment in the national telecommunications system on a priority basis;
• despite major improvements in trunk and urban systems, telecommunication services are still not readily available to the major portion of the population

domestic:

microwave radio relay

international:

satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean); microwave radio relay to neighboring countries

• total pay phones for long distant calls 34,100;
• enlisting foreign help, by means of joint ventures, to speed up the modernization of its telecommunications system;
• in 1992, only 661,000 new telephones were installed compared with 855,000 in 1991, and in 1992 the number of unsatisfied applications for telephones reached 11,000,000;
• expanded access to international electronic mail service available via Sprint network;
• the inadequacy of Russian telecommunications is a severe handicap to the economy, especially with respect to international connections

domestic:

NMT-450 analog cellular telephone networks are operational and growing in Moscow and St. Petersburg; intercity fiber-optic cable installation remains limited

international:

• international traffic is inadequately handled by a system of satellites, landlines, microwave radio relay, and outdated submarine cables;
• much of this traffic passes through the international gateway switch in Moscow which carries most of the international traffic for the other countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States;
• a new Russian Intersputnik satellite will link Moscow and St. Petersburg with Rome from whence calls will be relayed to destinations in Europe and overseas;
• satellite earth stations - NA Intelsat, 4 Intersputnik (2 Atlantic Ocean Region and 2 Indian Ocean Region), NA Eutelsat, 1 Inmarsat (Pacific Ocean Region), and NA Orbita

very inadequate domestic service, good international service

domestic:

NA

international:

submarine cables to Indonesia and Djibouti; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)

poorly developed and not well maintained; many towns are not reached by the national network

domestic:

cable and microwave radio relay

international:

• linked by cable and microwave radio relay to other CIS republics, and by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch;
• Dushanbe linked by Intelsat to international gateway switch in Ankara (Turkey);
• satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita and 2 Intelsat

poorly developed

domestic:

NA

international :

• linked by cable and microwave radio relay to other CIS republics and to other countries by leased connections to the Moscow international gateway switch;
• a new telephone link from Ashgabat to Iran has been established;
• a new exchange in Ashgabat switches international traffic through Turkey via Intelsat;
• satellite earth stations - 1 Orbita and 1 Intelsat

poorly developed

domestic:

NMT-450 analog cellular network established in Tashkent

international:

• linked by landline or microwave radio relay with CIS member states and to other countries by leased connection via the Moscow international gateway switch;
• new Intelsat links to Tokyo and Ankara give Uzbekistan international access independent of Russian facilities;
• satellite earth stations - NA Orbita and NA Intelsat

domestic:

modern internal telephone system

international:

microwave radio relay to island of Saint Martin (Guadeloupe and Netherlands Antilles)

domestic:

good automatic telephone system

international:

• 1 coaxial submarine cable;
• satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean);
• tropospheric scatter to Saba (Netherlands Antilles) and Guadeloupe

domestic:

more than adequate

international:

1 submarine cable to Sint Maarten (Netherlands Antilles); extensive interisland microwave radio relay links

domestic :

totally automatic system; highly developed

international:

• tropospheric scatter and submarine cable to Florida;
• 3 coaxial submarine cables;
• satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

domestic:

island wide automatic telephone system

international:

satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); tropospheric scatter to Trinidad and Saint Lucia

above-average system

domestic:

trunk network depends primarily on microwave radio relay

international :

satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

worldwide telephone service

domestic:

NA

international:

submarine cable to Bermuda

domestic:

NA

international:

1 submarine coaxial cable; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

very good domestic telephone service

domestic:

NA

international:

connected to Central American Microwave System; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

among the world's least developed telephone systems

domestic:

NA

international:

satellite earth station - 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean Region)

domestic:

fully automatic network

international:

microwave radio relay and SHF radiotelephone links to Martinique and Guadeloupe; VHF and UHF radiotelephone links to Saint Lucia

domestic:

relatively efficient system based on islandwide microwave radio relay network

international :

1 coaxial submarine cable; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

domestic:

nationwide microwave radio relay system

international :

satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); connected to Central American Microwave System

automatic, islandwide telephone system

domestic:

interisland VHF and UHF radiotelephone links

international:

new SHF radiotelephone links to Trinidad and Tobago and Saint Vincent; VHF and UHF radio links to Trinidad

domestic facilities inadequate

domestic:

NA

international:

satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); microwave radio relay to Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, and Martinique

fairly modern network centered in the city of Guatemala

domestic:

NA

international :

connected to Central American Microwave System; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

domestic facilities barely adequate, international facilities slightly better

domestic:

NA

international:

satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

inadequate system

domestic:

NA

international:

satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); connected to Central American Microwave System

fully automatic domestic telephone network

domestic:

NA

international:

satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); 3 coaxial submarine cables

domestic facilities are adequate

domestic:

NA

international:

microwave radio relay to Guadeloupe, Dominica, and Saint Lucia; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

domestic :

NA

international:

NA

generally adequate facilities

domestic:

extensive interisland microwave radio relay links

international:

2 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

low-capacity microwave radio relay and wire system being expanded; connected to Central American Microwave System

domestic :

wire and microwave radio relay

international:

satellite earth stations - 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean Region) and 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

domestic and international facilities well developed

domestic:

NA

international:

• 1 coaxial submarine cable;
• satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean);
• connected to the Central American Microwave System

modern system, integrated with that of the US by high-capacity submarine cable and Intelsat with high-speed data capability

domestic:

digital telephone system with about 1 million lines (1990 est.); cellular telephone service

international:

satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat; submarine cable to US

good interisland VHF/UHF/SHF radiotelephone connections and international link via Antigua and Barbuda and Saint Martin (Guadeloupe and Netherlands Antilles)

domestic :

interisland links are handled by VHF/UHF/SHF radiotelephone

international:

international calls are carried by radiotelephone to Antigua and Barbuda and from there switched to submarine cable or to Intelsat, or carried to Saint Martin (Guadeloupe and Netherlands Antilles) by radiotelephone and switched to Intelsat

domestic:

system is automatically switched

international:

• direct microwave radio relay link with Martinique and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines;
• tropospheric scatter to Barbados;
• international calls beyond these countries are carried by Intelsat from Martinique

domestic:

islandwide, fully automatic telephone system; VHF/UHF radiotelephone from Saint Vincent to the other islands of the Grenadines

international:

• VHF/UHF radiotelephone from Saint Vincent to Barbados;
• new SHF radiotelephone to Grenada and to Saint Lucia;
• access to Intelsat earth station in Martinique through Saint Lucia

excellent international service; good local service

domestic:

NA

international:

satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); tropospheric scatter to Barbados and Guyana

fair cable and radiotelephone services

domestic:

NA

international :

2 submarine cables; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

domestic :

modern, uses fiber-optic cable and microwave radio relay

international:

submarine cable and satellite communications; satellite earth stations - NA

domestic:

• obsolete wire system;
• no longer provides a telephone for every village;
• in 1992, following the fall of the communist government, peasants cut the wire to about 1,000 villages and used it to build fences

international :

inadequate; international traffic carried by microwave radio relay from the Tirane exchange to Italy and Greece

domestic :

modern system with microwave radio relay connections between exchanges

international:

landline circuits to France and Spain

domestic:

highly developed and efficient

international :

satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean) and 2 Eutelsat

• telephone service inadequate for the purposes of either business or the population;
• about 70% of the telephones are in homes;
• over 750,000 applications from households for telephones remain unsatisfied (1992 est.);
• new investment centers on international connections and business needs

domestic :

the new NMT-450 analog cellular system is now operating in Minsk

international:

• international traffic is carried by the Moscow international gateway switch and also by satellite;
• satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (through Canada) and 1 Eutelsat (through the UK)

highly developed, technologically advanced, and completely automated domestic and international telephone and telegraph facilities

domestic:

• nationwide cellular telephone system;
• extensive cable network;
• limited microwave radio relay network

international :

5 submarine cables; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Eutelsat

• telephone and telegraph network is in need of modernization and expansion;
• many urban areas are below average when compared with services in other former Yugoslav republics

domestic:

NA

international :

no satellite earth stations

almost two-thirds of the lines are residential; 67% of Sofia households have telephones (November 1988 est.)

domestic:

extensive but antiquated transmission system of coaxial cable and microwave radio relay; telephone service is available in most villages

international :

• direct dialing to 36 countries;
• satellite earth stations - 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean Region);
• Intelsat available through a Greek earth station

domestic:

NA

international :

no satellite earth stations

domestic:

NA

international :

satellite earth stations - 2 Intersputnik (Atlantic and Indian Ocean Regions)

excellent telephone and telegraph services

domestic:

buried and submarine cables and microwave radio relay form trunk network, four cellular radio communications systems

international:

• 18 submarine optical fiber cables linking Denmark with Norway, Sweden, Russia, Poland, Germany, the Netherlands, UK, Faroe Islands, Iceland, and Canada;
• satellite earth stations - 6 Intelsat;
• 10 Eutelsat;
• 1 Orion;
• 1 Inmarsat (Blaavand-Atlantic-East);
• note - the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) share the Danish earth station and the Eik, Norway, station for world-wide Inmarsat access

• system is antiquated;
• improvements are being made piecemeal, with emphasis on business needs and international connections;
• there are still about 150,000 unfulfilled requests for subscriber service

domestic :

substantial investment has been made in cellular systems which are operational throughout Estonia

international:

• international traffic is carried to the other former Soviet republics by landline or microwave radio relay and to other countries partly by leased connection to the Moscow international gateway switch and partly by a new Tallinn-Helsinki fiber-optic, submarine cable which gives Estonia access to international circuits everywhere;
• access to the international packet-switched digital network via Helsinki

good international communications; good domestic facilities

domestic:

digitalization to be completed in 1998

international:

satellite earth stations - 1 Orion; 1 optical fiber submarine cable linking the Faroe Islands with Denmark and Iceland

good service from cable and microwave radio relay network

domestic:

cable and microwave radio relay

international :

• 1 submarine cable;
• satellite earth stations - access to Intelsat transmission service via a Swedish satellite earth station, 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean Regions);
• note - Finland shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden)

highly developed

domestic:

• extensive cable and microwave radio relay;
• extensive introduction of fiber-optic cable;
• domestic satellite system

international:

• satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (with total of 5 antennas - 2 for Indian Ocean and 3 for Atlantic Ocean), NA Eutelsat, 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean Region);
• HF radiotelephone communications with more than 20 countries

• Germany has one of the world's most technologically advanced telecommunications systems;
• as a result of intensive capital expenditures since reunification, the formerly backward system of the eastern part of the country is being rapidly modernized and integrated with that of the western part

domestic:

• the region which was formerly West Germany is served by an extensive system of automatic telephone exchanges connected by modern networks of fiber-optic cable, coaxial cable, microwave radio relay, and a domestic satellite system;
• cellular telephone service is widely available and includes roaming service to many foreign countries;
• since the reunification of Germany, the telephone system of the eastern region has been upgraded and enjoys many of the advantages of the national system

international:

• satellite earth stations - 14 Intelsat (12 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean), 1 Eutelsat, 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean region), 2 Intersputnik (1 Atlantic Ocean region and 1 Indian Ocean region);
• 6 submarine cable connections;
• 2 HF radiotelephone communication centers;
• tropospheric scatter links

adequate, automatic domestic system and adequate international facilities

domestic:

automatic exchange facilities

international:

• radiotelephone;
• microwave radio relay;
• satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

• adequate, modern networks reach all areas;
• microwave radio relay carries most traffic;
• extensive open-wire network;
• submarine cables to off-shore islands

domestic:

microwave radio relay, open wire, and submarine cable

international:

• tropospheric scatter;
• 8 submarine cables;
• satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean), 1 Eutelsat, and 1 Inmarsat (Indian Ocean Region)

domestic :

NA

international:

1 submarine cable

automatic exchange

domestic:

tied into Italian system

international:

uses Italian system

• 14,213 telex lines;
• automatic telephone network based on microwave radio relay system;
• the average waiting time for telephones is expected to drop to one year by the end of 1997 (down from over 10 years in the early 1990's);
• note - the former state-owned telecommunications firm MATAV - now privatized and managed by a US/German consortium - has ambitious plans to upgrade the inadequate system, including a contract with the German firm Siemens and the Swedish firm Ericsson to provide 600,000 new phone lines during 1996-98

domestic :

microwave radio relay

international:

satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat and 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean Region)

modern digital system using cable and microwave radio relay

domestic:

microwave radio relay

international:

satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

domestic:

NA

international:

NA

modern, well-developed, fast; fully automated telephone, telex, and data services

domestic:

high-capacity cable and microwave radio relay trunks

international:

satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (with a total of 5 antennas - 3 for Atlantic Ocean and 2 for Indian Ocean), 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic Ocean Region), and NA Eutelsat; 21 submarine cables

domestic:

NA

international :

3 submarine cables

service is better than in most of the other former Soviet republics

domestic:

an NMT-450 analog cellular telephone network covers 75% of Latvia's population

international:

• international traffic carried by leased connection to the Moscow international gateway switch, through the new Ericsson digital telephone exchange in Riga, and through the Finnish cellular net;
• Sprint data network carries electronic mail