Executive branch In 36 editions of 36.

chief of state:

President Liamine ZEROUAL (appointed president 31 January 1994, elected president 16 November 1995)

head of government :

Prime Minister Ahmed OUYAHIA (since 31 December 1995)

cabinet:

Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister

elections:

• president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
• election last held 16 November 1995 (next to be held NA 2000);
• prime minister appointed by the president

election results :

Liamine ZEROUAL elected president; percent of vote - Liamine ZEROUAL 61.3%

chief of state:

President Jose Eduardo DOS SANTOS (since 21 September 1979)

head of government:

Prime Minister Fernando Jose de Franca Vieira Dias VAN DUNEM (since 8 June 1996)

cabinet:

Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections:

• President DOS SANTOS originally elected without opposition under a one-party system and stood for reelection in Angola's first multiparty elections in 28-29 September 1992, the last elections to be held, (next to be held NA);
• prime minister appointed by the president and answerable to the Assembly

election results:

• DOS SANTOS received 49.6% of the total vote, making a run-off election necessary between him and second-place Jonas SAVIMBI;
• the run-off was not held and SAVIMBI's National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA) disputed the results of the first election;
• the civil war was resumed

chief of state:

President Mathieu KEREKOU (since 4 April 1996); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government:

• President Mathieu KEREKOU (since 4 April 1996);
• note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government;
• Prime Minister Adrien HOUNGBEDJI (since 9 April 1996) acts as assistant to the president;
• a prime minister is not provided for in the constitution but was appointed by President KEREKOU with the permission of the constitutional court

cabinet:

Council of Ministers headed by the prime minister; all are appointed by the president

elections:

president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 18 March 1996 (next to be held March 2001)

election results:

Mathieu KEREKOU elected president; percent of vote - Mathieu KEREKOU 52.49%, Nicephore SOGLO 47.51%

chief of state :

• President Sir Ketumile MASIRE (since 13 July 1980);
• Vice President Festus MOGAE (since 9 March 1992);
• note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government:

• President Sir Ketumile MASIRE (since 13 July 1980);
• Vice President Festus MOGAE (since 9 March 1992);
• note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet:

Cabinet appointed by the president

elections :

• president elected by the National Assembly for a five-year term;
• election last held 15 October 1994 (next to be held NA October 1999);
• vice president appointed by the president

election results:

Sir Ketumile MASIRE elected president; percent of National Assembly vote - NA

chief of state:

President Captain Blaise COMPAORE (since 15 October 1987)

head of government:

Prime Minister Kadre' De'sire' OUE'DRAOGO (since 6 February 1996)

cabinet:

Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister

elections:

• president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
• election last held 1 December 1991 (next to be held NA 1998);
• prime minister appointed by the president with the consent of the legislature

election results:

Blaise COMPAORE elected president with 90.4% percent of the votes of those who voted (the abstention rate was 74.7%)

chief of state:

• President Pierre BUYOYA (interim president since 27 September 1996) note - former President NTIBANTUNGANYA was overthrown in a coup on 25 July 1996 and has taken refuge in the US ambassador's residence in Bujumbura;
• former Major (retired) Pierre BUYOYA has not been recognized as president of Burundi by the US or most other governments

head of government:

Prime Minister Pascal-Firmin NDIMIRA (since 31 July 1996)

cabinet:

Council of Ministers appointed by prime minister

elections :

NA

chief of state:

President Antonio MASCARENHAS Monteiro (since 22 March 1991)

head of government :

Prime Minister Carlos Alberto Wahnon de Carvalho VEIGA (since 13 January 1991)

cabinet:

Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister from among the members of the People's National Assembly

elections:

• president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
• election last held 18 February 1996 (next to be held NA February 2001);
• prime minister nominated by the People's National Assembly and appointed by the president

election results:

Antonio MASCARENHAS Monteiro elected president; percent of vote - Antonio MASCARENHAS Monteiro (independent) 80.1%

chief of state:

President Paul BIYA (since 6 November 1982)

head of government:

Prime Minister Peter Mafany MUSONGA (since 19 September 1996)

cabinet:

Cabinet appointed by the president

elections :

• president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
• election last held 11 October 1992 (next to be held NA October 1997);
• prime minister appointed by the president

election results:

• President Paul BIYA reelected;
• percent of vote - Paul BIYA 40%, SDF candidate John FRU NDI 36%, UNDP candidate Bello Bouba MAIGARI 19%;
• note - election held amid widespread allegations of fraud

chief of state:

President Ange PATASSE (since 22 October 1993)

head of government:

Prime Minister Michel GBEZERA-BRIA (since January 1997)

cabinet:

Council of Ministers

elections :

• president elected by popular vote for a 6-year term;
• election last held 19 September 1993 (next to be held October 1999);
• prime minister appointed by the president

election results:

Ange PATASSE elected president; percent of vote - PATASSE 52.45%, Abel GOUMBA 45.62%

chief of state:

President Lt. Gen. Idriss DEBY (since 4 December 1990)

head of government :

Prime Minister Djimasta KOIBLA (since 9 April 1995); appointed by the president

cabinet:

Council of State appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister

elections:

• the constitution provides for the election of a president by direct popular vote to serve a term of five years;
• if no candidate receives at least 50% of the total vote, the two candidates receiving the most votes must stand for a second round of voting;
• last held 2 June and 11 July 1996 (next to be held NA 2001);
• the prime minister is appointed by the president

election results:

in the first round of voting none of the 15 candidates received the required 50% of the total vote; percent of vote, first round - Lt. Gen. Idress DEBY 47.8 %; percent of vote, second round - Lt. Gen. DEBY 69.1%, Wadal Abdelkader KAMOUGUE 30.9%; President DEBY reappointed Prime Minister Djimasta KOIBLA

chief of state:

President Mohamed TAKI Abdulkarim (since 16 March 1996)

head of government:

Prime Minister Ahmed ABDOU (since 27 December 1996)

cabinet:

Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections:

• president elected by popular vote to a five-year term;
• election last held 16 March 1996 (next to be held NA March 2001);
• prime minister appointed by the president

election results:

Mohamed TAKI Abdulkarim elected president; share of vote - 64%

chief of state:

Gen. Laurent-DESIRE KABILA (since 17 May 1997); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government

head of government:

Gen. Laurent-DESIRE KABILA (since 17 May 1997); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government

cabinet :

National Executive Council normally appointed by mutual agreement of the president and the prime minister; note - Gen. KABILA's cabinet was appointed by him and has no prime minister

elections:

president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; election last held 29 July 1984 (next was to be held in May 1997); prime minister elected by the High Council of the Republic; note - the term of the former government expired in 1991, elections were not held, and MOBUTU continued in office until his government was militarily defeated by Gen. Laurent-DESIRE KABILA on 17 May 1997

election results:

MOBUTU Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga reelected president in 1984 without opposition

note: Marshal MOBUTU Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga was president from 24 November 1965 until forced into exile on 17 May 1997 when his government was overturned in a coup by Gen. Laurent-DESIRE KABILA, who immediately assumed sole governing authority

chief of state:

President Pascal LISSOUBA (since August 1992)

head of government:

Prime Minister David Charles GANAO (since 2 September 1996)

cabinet:

Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections :

• president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
• election last held 16 August 1992 (next was to be held 27 July 1997 but armed clashes between political parties in early July seemed likely to delay it);
• prime minister appointed by the president

election results:

Pascal LISSOUBA elected president; percent of vote - Pascal LISSOUBA 61%

chief of state:

• President Henri Konan BEDIE (since 7 December 1993);
• note - succeeded to the presidency following the death of President Felix HOUPHOUET-BOIGNY, who had served continuously since November 1960

head of government:

Prime Minister Daniel Kablan DUNCAN (since 10 December 1993)

cabinet:

Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister

elections:

• president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
• election last held 22 October 1995 (next to be held October 2000);
• prime minister appointed by the president

election results:

Henri Konan BEDIE elected president; percent of vote - Henri Konan BEDIE 96%

chief of state:

President HASSAN GOULED Aptidon (since 24 June 1977)

head of government:

Prime Minister BARKAT Gourad Hamadou (since 30 September 1978)

cabinet :

Council of Ministers responsible to the president

elections:

president elected by popular vote to a six-year term; election last held 7 May 1993 (next to be held NA 1999)

election results:

President HASSAN GOULED reelected; percent of vote - NA

chief of state:

President Mohammed Hosni MUBARAK (since 14 October 1981)

head of government:

Prime Minister Kamal Ahmed El-GANZOURI (since 4 January 1996)

cabinet:

Cabinet appointed by the president

elections :

• president nominated by the People's Assembly for a six-year term, the nomination must then be validated by a national, popular referendum;
• national referendum last held 4 October 1993 (next to be held NA October 1999);
• prime minister appointed by the president

election results:

national referendum validated President MUBARAK's nomination by the People's Assembly to a third term

chief of state:

President Brig. Gen. (Ret.) Teodoro OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO (since 3 August 1979)

head of government:

Prime Minister Serafin Seriche DOUGAN (since April 1996); Vice Prime Minister Francisco Javier Ndongo MBENGONO (since April 1996)

cabinet:

Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections:

president elected by popular vote to a seven-year term; election last held 25 February 1996 (next to be held NA February 2003)

election results :

President OBIANG NGUEMA MBASOGO reelected without opposition; percent of popular vote - NA

chief of state:

President ISAIAS Afworki (since 8 June 1993); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government:

President ISAIAS Afworki (since 8 June 1993); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet:

State Council is the collective executive authority

note: the president is head of the State Council and National Assembly

elections:

president elected by the National Assembly; election last held 8 June 1993 (next to be held NA 1997)

election results:

ISAIAS Afworki elected president; percent of National Assembly vote - ISAIAS Afworki 95%

chief of state:

King MSWATI III (since 25 April 1986)

head of government:

Prime Minister Sibusiso Barnabas DLAMINI (since 9 August 1996)

cabinet:

Cabinet recommended by the prime minister and confirmed by the king

elections :

• none;
• the king is a hereditary monarch;
• prime minister appointed by the king

chief of state :

President NEGASSO Gidada (since 22 August 1995)

head of government:

Prime Minister MELES Zenawi (since NA August 1995)

cabinet:

• Council of Ministers as provided in the December 1994 constitution;
• ministers are selected by the prime minister and approved by the Council of People's Representatives

elections :

• president elected by the Council of People's Representatives for a six-year term;
• election last held June 1995 (next to be held NA 2001);
• prime minister designated by the party in power following legislative elections

election results:

NEGASSO Gidada elected president; percent of vote by the Council of People's Representatives - NA

chief of state:

President El Hadj Omar BONGO (since 2 December 1967)

head of government :

Prime Minister Paulin OBAME Nguema (since 9 December 1994)

cabinet:

Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister in consultation with the president

elections:

• president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
• election last held 5 December 1993 (next to be held NA 1998);
• prime minister appointed by the president

election results:

President Omar BONGO reelected; percent of vote - Omar BONGO 51%

chief of state:

• President Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH (since 12 October 1996);
• Vice President Isaton Njie SAIDY (since 20 March 1997);
• note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government:

• President Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH (since 18 October 1996);
• Vice President Isaton Njie SAIDY (since 20 March 1997);
• note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet:

Cabinet is appointed by the president

elections:

• the president is elected by popular vote to a five-year term;
• the number of terms is not restricted;
• election last held 26 September 1996 (next to be held NA 2001)

election results:

percent of vote - President Yahya A. J. J. JAMMEH 55.5%, Ousinou DARBOE 35.8%

chief of state:

President Jerry John RAWLINGS (since 3 November 1992); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government:

President Jerry John RAWLINGS (since 3 November 1992); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet :

Council of Ministers; president nominates members subject to approval by the Parliament

elections:

president and vice president elected by popular vote for four-year terms; election last held 7 December 1996 (next to be held NA 2000)

election results:

Jerry John RAWLINGS elected president; percent of vote - Rawlings 58.8%

chief of state :

President Lansana CONTE (head of military government since 5 April 1984, elected president 19 December 1993);

head of government :

Prime Minister Sidia TOURE (since July 1996)

cabinet:

Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections:

• president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
• candidate must receive a majority of the votes cast to be elected president;
• election last held 19 December 1993 (next to be held NA December 1998);
• the prime minister was appointed by President CONTE

election results:

• Lansana CONTE' elected president;
• percent of vote - Lansana CONTE' (PUP) 51.7%, Alpha CONDE' (RPG) 19.55%, Mamadou Boye BA' (UNR) 13.37%, Siradiou DIALLO (PRP) 11.86%;
• note - the country's first-ever multi-party elections for president

chief of state:

President Joao Bernardo VIEIRA (initially assumed power 14 November 1980)

head of government:

Prime Minister Manuel da Costa SATURNINO (since 5 November 1994)

cabinet:

Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections :

• president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
• election last held NA August 1994 (next to be held NA 1999);
• prime minister appointed by the president

election results:

Joao Bernardo VIEIRA elected president; percent of vote - Joao Bernardo VIEIRA 52%, Kumba YALLA 48%

chief of state :

• President Daniel Toroitich arap MOI (since 14 October 1978);
• Vice President George SAITOTI (since 10 May 1989);
• note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government:

• President Daniel Toroitich arap MOI (since 14 October 1978);
• Vice President George SAITOTI (since 10 May 1989);
• note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet:

Cabinet appointed by the president

elections:

• president elected by popular vote from among the members of the National Assembly for a five-year term;
• election last held 29 December 1992 (next to be held by early 1998);
• vice president appointed by the president

election results :

• President Daniel T. arap MOI reelected;
• percent of vote - Daniel T. arap MOI 37%,
• Kenneth MATIBA (FORD-ASILI) 26%,
• Mwai KIBAKI (DP) 19%,
• Oginga ODINGA (FORD-Kenya) 17%

chief of state :

• King LETSIE III (since 7 February 1996, succeeded to the throne following the death of his father, King MOSHOESHOE II, on 16 January 1996);
• note - King LETSIE III formerly occupied the throne (November 1990 to February 1995) while his father was in exile

head of government:

Prime Minister Ntsu MOKHEHLE (since 2 April 1993)

cabinet:

Cabinet

elections:

• none;
• the king is a hereditary monarch, but, under the terms of the constitution which came into effect after the March 1993 election, he has no executive or legislative powers;
• moreover, under traditional law the king can be elected or deposed by a majority vote of the College of Chiefs;
• following legislative elections, the leader of the party that wins the most seats usually becomes prime minister

chief of state:

Chairman of the Council of State Ruth PERRY (since NA August 1996); note - chairman of the Council of State is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government :

Chairman of the Council of State Ruth PERRY (since NA August 1996); note - chairman of the Council of State is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet:

Cabinet selected by the leaders of the major factions in the civil war

elections:

last presidential election held 15 October 1985 (next to be held 19 July 1997); results - Samuel Kanyon DOE (NDPL) 50.9%, Jackson DOE (LAP) 26.4%, other 22.7%

note : constitutional government ended in September 1990 when President Samuel Kanyon DOE was killed by rebel forces; civil war ensued and in August 1996 the Abuja II peace accord was signed by the major warring factions; a transitional coalition government under Ruth PERRY was formed in August 1996; presidential elections are scheduled for 19 July 1997

chief of state :

Revolutionary Leader Gen. Muammar Abu Minyar al-QADHAFI (since 1 September 1969); note - holds no official title, but is de facto chief of state

head of government:

Secretary of the General People's Committee (Premier) Abd al-Majid al-QA'UD (since 29 January 1994)

cabinet:

General People's Committee established by the General People's Congress

elections :

• national elections are indirect through a hierarchy of peoples' committees;
• head of government elected by the General People's Congress;
• election last held NA (next to be held NA)

election results:

Abd al-Majid al-QA'UD elected head of government; percent of General People's Congress vote - NA

chief of state:

• President Didier RATSIRAKA;
• (since 10 February 1997) note - President Albert ZAFY impeached by the High Constitutional Court on 5 September 1996;
• Prime Minister Emmanuel RAKOTOVAHINY served as interim president until the election of President RATSIRAKA and then retired from the office of prime minister

head of government:

Prime Minister Pascal RAKOTOMAVO (since 21 February 1997)

cabinet:

Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister

elections:

• president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
• election last held 29 December 1996 (next to be held NA 2002);
• prime minister appointed by the president from a list of candidates nominated by the National Assembly

election results:

• percent of the popular vote for president - Didier RATSIRAKA (AREMA) 50.7%, Albert ZAFY (UNDD) 49.3%;
• percent of the National Assembly vote for prime minister - NA

chief of state:

President Bakili MULUZI (since 21 May 1994); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government:

President Bakili MULUZI (since 21 May 1994); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet:

Cabinet named by the president

elections :

president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 17 May 1994 (next to be held by May 1999)

election results:

Bakili MULUZI elected president; percent of vote - NA

chief of state:

President Alpha Oumar KONARE (since 8 June 1992)

head of government:

Prime Minister Ibrahima Boubacar KEITA (since NA March 1994)

cabinet :

Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister

elections:

• president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
• election last held 11 May 1997 (next to be held NA May 2002);
• prime minister appointed by the president

election results:

• Alpha Oumar KONARE reelected president;
• percent of vote - Alpha Oumar KONARE 85.15%,
• Mamadou DIABY 4.09%,
• other 10.76%

chief of state:

President Col. Maaouya Ould Sid Ahmed TAYA (since 12 December 1984)

head of government:

Prime Minister Cheikh El Afia Ould Mohamed KHOUNA (since 2 January 1996)

cabinet:

Council of Ministers

elections:

• president elected by popular vote for a six-year term;
• election last held 17 January 1992 (next to be held NA January 1998);
• prime minister appointed by the president

election results:

President Col. Maaouya Ould Sid Ahmed TAYA reelected; percent of vote - NA

chief of state:

President Cassam UTEEM (since 1 July 1992) and Vice President Rabindranath GHURBURRUN (since 1 July 1992)

head of government:

Prime Minister Navin RAMGOOLAM (since 27 December 1995) and Deputy Prime Minister Paul BERENGER (since 27 December 1995)

cabinet:

Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister

elections:

• president and vice president elected by the National Assembly for five-year terms;
• election last held NA June 1992 (next to be held NA 1997);
• prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed by the president and are responsible to the National Assembly

election results :

Cassam UTEEM elected president and Rabindranath GHURBURRUN elected vice president; percent of vote by the National Assembly - NA

chief of state :

President of France Jacques CHIRAC (since 17 May 1995), represented by Prefect Philippe BOISADAM (since NA)

head of government:

President of the General Council Younoussa BAMANA (since NA 1977)

cabinet:

NA

elections:

• prefect appointed by the president of France on the advice of the French Ministry of the Interior;
• president of the General Council elected by the members of the General Council for a six-year term

chief of state:

King HASSAN II (since 3 March 1961)

head of government:

Prime Minister Abdellatif FILALI (since 29 May 1994)

cabinet:

Council of Ministers appointed by the king

elections:

• none;
• the king is a hereditary monarch;
• prime minister appointed by the king

chief of state:

• President Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO (since 6 November 1986);
• note - before being popularly elected, CHISSANO was elected president by FRELIMO's Central Committee 4 November 1986 (reelected by the Committee 30 July 1989)

head of government:

Prime Minister Pascoal MOCUMBI (since NA December 1994)

cabinet :

Cabinet

elections:

• president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
• election last held 27 October 1994 (next to be held NA 1999);
• prime minister appointed by the president

election results:

Joaquim Alberto CHISSANO elected president; percent of vote - Joaquim CHISSANO 53.3%, Afonso DHLAKAMA 33.3%

chief of state:

President Sam NUJOMA (since 21 March 1990); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government:

President Sam NUJOMA (since 21 March 1990); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet:

Cabinet appointed by the president from among the members of the National Assembly

elections:

president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 7-8 December 1994 (next to be held NA December 1999)

election results :

Sam NUJOMA elected president; percent of vote - 76%

chief of state:

President Ibrahim BARE Mainassara (since 28 January 1996); note - President is chief of state and head of government

head of government:

• President Ibraham BARE Mainassara (since 28 January 1996);
• note - President is chief of state and head of government;
• Prime Minister Amadou Boubacar CISSE (since 21 December 1996) was appointed by the president

cabinet:

Council of Ministers appointed by President BARE

elections :

• the president is elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
• last election 7-8 July 1996 (next election NA 2001);
• note - Ibrahim BARE Mainassara initially became president when he ousted President Mahamane OUSMANE in a coup on 27 January 1996 and subsequently defeated him in the flawed election of July 1996

election results:

percent of total vote - Ibrahim BARE Mainassara 52.22%

Mahamane OUSMANE 19.75%

Tandja MAMADOU 15.65%

• percent of total vote - Ibrahim BARE Mainassara 52.22%,
• Mahamane OUSMANE 19.75%,
• Tandja MAMADOU 15.65%,
• Mahamadou ISSOUFOU 7.60%,
• Moumouni AMADOU Djermakoye 4.77%

chief of state:

Chairman of the Provisional Ruling Council and Commander in Chief of Armed Forces and Defense Minister Gen. Sani ABACHA (since 17 November 1993); Vice Chairman of the Provisional Ruling Council Oladipo DIYA (since 17 November 1993); note - the chairman of the Provisional Ruling Council is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government:

Chairman of the Provisional Ruling Council and Commander in Chief of Armed Forces and Defense Minister Gen. Sani ABACHA (since 17 November 1993); Vice Chairman of the Provisional Ruling Council Oladipo DIYA (since 17 November 1993); note - the chairman of the Provisional Ruling Council is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet:

Federal Executive Council

elections:

none; Chairman of the Provisional Ruling Council Gen. Sani ABACHA assumed power in a military coup 17 November 1993; the government's provisions for a return to civilian rule call for the election of a president by universal suffrage in the third quarter of 1998 (inaugeration planned for October 1998)

chief of state:

President of France Jacques CHIRAC (since 17 May 1995), represented by Prefect Robert POMMIES (since NA 1996)

head of government :

President of the General Council Christophe PAYET (since 4 April 1994) and President of the Regional Council Margarite SUDRE (since 25 June 1993)

cabinet:

NA

elections:

• prefect appointed by the president of France on the advice of the French Ministry of the Interior;
• the presidents of the General and Regional Councils are elected by the members of those councils, who vote on party lines

chief of state:

President Pasteur BIZIMUNGU (since 19 July 1994); Vice President Maj. Gen. Paul KAGAME (since 19 July 1994)

head of government:

Prime Minister Celestin RWIGEMA (since 1 September 1995)

cabinet:

Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections :

• current president installed by force by the Tutsi Rwandan Patriotic Front;
• normally the president is elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
• elections last held NA (next to be held NA);
• prime minister appointed by the president

chief of state:

Queen ELIZABETH II of the UK (since 6 February 1952)

head of government:

Governor and Commander in Chief David Leslie SMALLMAN (since NA 1995)

cabinet:

Executive Council consists of the governor, two ex-officio officers, and six elected members of the Legislative Council

elections:

• none;
• the queen is a hereditary monarch;
• governor is appointed by the queen

chief of state:

President Miguel TROVOADA (since 4 April 1991)

head of government:

Prime Minister Raul Wagner BRAGANCA NETO (since 20 November 1996)

cabinet :

Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the proposal of the prime minister

elections:

• president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
• election last held 30 June and 15 July 1996 (next to be held in 2001);
• prime minister chosen by the National Assembly and approved by the president

election results :

Miguel TROVOADA reelected president in Sao Tome's second multiparty presidential election; percent of vote - NA

chief of state:

President Abdou DIOUF (since 1 January 1981)

head of government:

Prime Minister Habib THIAM (since 7 April 1991)

cabinet:

Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister in consultation with the president

elections :

• president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term;
• election last held 21 February 1993 (next to be held NA February 2000);
• prime minister appointed by the president

election results:

• Abdou DIOUF reelected president;
• percent of vote - Abdou DIOUF (PS) 58.4%,
• Abdoulaye WADE (PDS) 32.03%,
• other 9.57%

chief of state:

President France Albert RENE (since 5 June 1977); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government:

President France Albert RENE (since 5 June 1977); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet:

Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections:

president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 20-23 July 1993 (next to be held NA 1998)

election results :

President France Albert RENE reelected; percent of vote - France Albert RENE (SPPF) 59.5%, Sir James MANCHAM (DP) 36.72%

chief of state :

President Ahmad Tejan KABBAH (inaugurated 29 March 1996); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government:

President Ahmad Tejan KABBAH (inaugurated 29 March 1996); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet :

Ministers of State appointed by the president with the approval of the House of Representatives; the cabinet is responsible to the president

elections:

• president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
• election held 26-27 February 1996 (next to be held NA 2001);
• note - president's tenure of office is limited to 2 five-year terms

election results :

Ahmad Tejan KABBAH elected president; percent of popular vote - NA

• Somalia has no functioning government;
• the United Somali Congress (USC) ousted the regime of Major General Mohamed SIAD Barre on 27 January 1991;
• the present political situation is one of anarchy, marked by interclan fighting and random banditry

chief of state:

• President Nelson MANDELA (since 10 May 1994);
• Deputy Executive President Thabo MBEKI (since 10 May 1994);
• note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government:

• President Nelson MANDELA (since 10 May 1994);
• Deputy Executive President Thabo MBEKI (since 10 May 1994);
• note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet :

Cabinet appointed by the president

elections:

president and deputy executive presidents elected by the National Assembly; election last held 9 May 1994 (next to be held in April 1999)

election results:

• Nelson MANDELA elected president;
• percent of National Assembly vote - 100% (by acclamation);
• Thabo MBEKI and Frederik W. DE KLERK elected deputy executive presidents;
• percent of National Assembly vote - 100% (by acclamation)

note: the initial governing coalition, made up of the ANC, the IFP, and the NP, which constituted a Government of National Unity or GNU, no longer includes the NP which was withdrawn by DE KLERK on 30 June 1996 when he voluntarily gave up his position as deputy executive president and distanced himself from the programs of the ANC

chief of state :

President Lt. General Umar Hasan Ahmad al-BASHIR (since 16 October 1993); First Vice President Major General al-Zubayr Muhammad SALIH (since 19 October 1993), Second Vice President (Police) Maj. General George KONGOR AROP (since NA February 1994); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government :

President Lt. General Umar Hasan Ahmad al-BASHIR (since 16 October 1993); First Vice President Major General al-Zubayr Muhammad SALIH (since 19 October 1993), Second Vice President (Police) Maj. General George KONGOR AROP (since NA February 1994); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet :

• Cabinet appointed by the president;
• note - President al-BASHIR's government is dominated by members of Sudan's National Islamic Front, a fundamentalist political organization formed from the Muslim Brotherhood in 1986;
• front leader Hasan al-TURABI dominates much of Khartoum's overall domestic and foreign policies;
• President al-BASHIR named a new cabinet on 20 April 1996 which includes members of the National Islamic Front, serving and retired military offficers, and civilian technocrats

elections :

president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 6-17 March 1996 (next to be held NA 2001)

election results:

• Umar Hasan Ahmad al-BASHIR elected president;
• percent of vote - Umar Hasan Ahmad al-BASHIR 75.7%;
• note - about forty other candidates ran for president

note : al-BASHIR, as chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council for National Salvation (RCC), assumed power on 30 June 1989 and served concurrently as chief of state, chairman of the RCC, prime minister, and minister of defense until 16 October 1993 when he was appointed president by the RCC; upon its dissolution on 16 October 1993, the RCC's executive and legislative powers were devolved to the president and the Transitional National Assembly (TNA), Sudan's appointed legislative body, which has since been replaced by the National Assembly which was elected in March 1996

chief of state:

• President Benjamin William MKAPA (since 22 November 1995);
• Vice President Omar Ali JUMA (since 22 November 1995);
• note the president is both chief of state and head of government

head of government:

• President Benjamin William MKAPA (since 22 November 1995);
• Vice President Omar Ali JUMA (since 22 November 1995);
• note the president is both chief of state and head of government

cabinet:

Cabinet ministers, including the prime minister, are appointed by the president from among the members of the National Assembly

elections:

• president and vice president elected on the same ballot by popular vote for five-year terms;
• election last held 29 October-19 November 1995 (next to be held NA October 2000);
• prime minister appointed by the president

election results:

percent of vote - Benjamin William MKAPA 62%

MREMA 28%

• percent of vote - Benjamin William MKAPA 62%,
• MREMA 28%,
• LIPUMBA 6%,
• CHEYO 4%

chief of state:

President Gen. Gnassingbe EYADEMA (since 14 April 1967)

head of government:

Prime Minister Kwassi KLUTSE (since September 1996)

cabinet:

Council of Ministers appointed by the president and the prime minister

elections :

• president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
• election last held 25 August 1993 (next to be held NA 1998);
• prime minister appointed by the president

election results:

• Gnassingbe EYADEMA elected president;
• percent of vote - Gnassingbe EYADEMA 96.5%;
• note - all major opposition parties boycotted the election

chief of state:

President Zine El Abidine BEN ALI (since 7 November 1987)

head of government :

Prime Minister Hamed KAROUI (since 26 September 1989)

cabinet:

Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections:

• president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
• election last held 20 March 1994 (next to be held NA 1999);
• prime minister appointed by the president

election results :

President Zine El Abidine BEN ALI reelected without opposition; percent of vote - NA

chief of state:

President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since seizing power 29 January 1986); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government

head of government:

President Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI (since seizing power 29 January 1986); Prime Minister Kintu MUSOKE (since 18 November 1994) note - the president is both chief of state and head of government; the prime minister assists the president in the supervision of the cabinet

cabinet:

Cabinet appointed by the president from among elected legislators

elections:

• president elected by popular vote;
• election last held 9 May 1996 (next to be held by 31 May 2001);
• note - first popular election for president since independence in 1962;
• prime minister appointed by the president

election results:

Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI elected president; percent of vote - Lt. Gen. Yoweri Kaguta MUSEVENI 74%, Paul Kawanga SSEMOGERERE 24%, Muhammad MAYANJA 2%

none

chief of state:

• President Frederick CHILUBA (since 31 October 1991);
• Vice President General Godfrey MIYANDA (since NA August 1994);
• note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government:

• President Frederick CHILUBA (since 31 October 1991);
• Vice President General Godfrey MIYANDA (since NA August 1994);
• note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet:

Cabinet appointed by the president from among the members of the National Assembly

elections:

• president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
• election last held 18 November 1996 (next to be held October 2001);
• vice president appointed by the president

election results:

• Frederick CHILUBA elected president;
• percent of vote - Frederick CHILUBA 70%,
• Dean MUNGO'MBA 12%,
• Humphrey MULEMBA 6%,
• Akashambatwa LEWANIKA 4%,
• Chama CHAKOMBOKA 3%,
• others 5%

chief of state:

• Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE (since 31 December 1987);
• Co-Vice Presidents Simon Vengai MUZENDA (since 31 December 1987) and Joshua M. NKOMO (since 6 August 1990);
• note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government :

• Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE (since 31 December 1987);
• Co-Vice Presidents Simon Vengai MUZENDA (since 31 December 1987) and Joshua M. NKOMO (since 6 August 1990);
• note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet :

Cabinet appointed by the president; responsible to the House of Assembly

elections:

• president nominated by the House of Assembly for a six-year term (if more than one nomination, an electoral college consisting of members of the House of Assembly elects the president);
• election last held 26-27 March 1996 (next to be held NA March 2002);
• co-vice presidents appointed by the president

election results:

• Robert Gabriel MUGABE elected president;
• percent of electoral college vote - Robert Gabriel MUGABE 92.7%, Abel MUZOREWA 4.8%;
• Ndabaningi SITHOLE 2.4%

chief of state:

Queen MARGRETHE II of Denmark (since 14 January 1972), represented by High Commissioner Steen SPORE (since NA 1993)

head of government:

Prime Minister Gunnar MARTENS (since NA 1995)

cabinet:

Landsstyre is formed from the Parliament on the basis of the strength of parties

elections:

• the queen is a constitutional monarch;
• high commissioner appointed by the queen;
• prime minister is elected by the Parliament;
• election last held NA 1991 (next to be held NA)

election results:

Gunnar MARTENS elected prime minister; percent of parliamentary vote - NA

chief of state:

President Olafur Ragnar GRIMSSON (since 1 August 1996)

head of government:

Prime Minister David ODDSSON (since 30 April 1991)

cabinet :

Cabinet appointed by the president

elections:

• president elected by popular vote for a four-year term;
• election last held 29 June 1996 (next to be held NA June 2000);
• prime minister appointed by the president

election results :

Olafur Ragnar GRIMSSON elected president; percent of vote - 41.4%

chief of state:

King HARALD V of Norway (since 17 January 1991)

head of government:

Governor Ann-Krisitin OLSEN (since NA) and Assistant Governor Jan-Atle HANSEN (since NA September 1993)

elections :

• none;
• the king is a hereditary monarch;
• governor and assistant governor responsible to the Polar Department of the Ministry of Justice

• on 27 September 1996, the ruling members of the Afghan Government were displaced by members of the Islamic Taliban movement;
• the Islamic State of Afghanistan has no functioning government at this time, and the country remains divided among fighting factions

note: the Taliban have declared themselves the legitimate government of Afghanistan; the UN has deferred a decision on credentials and the Organization of the Islamic Conference has left the Afghan seat vacant until the question of legitimacy can be resolved through negotiations among the warring factions; the country is essentially divided along ethnic lines; the Taliban controls the capital of Kabul and approximately two-thirds of the country including the predominately ethnic Pashtun areas in southern Afghanistan; opposing factions have their stonghold in the ethnically diverse north - General DOSTAM's National Islamic Movement controls several northcentral provinces and Commander MASOOD controls the ethnic Tajik majority areas of the northeast

chief of state :

• President Levon Akopovich TER-PETROSSIAN (since NA October 1991);
• note - prior to becoming Armenia's first president, TER-PETROSSIAN was chairman of the Armenian Supreme Soviet since 4 August 1990

head of government:

Prime Minister Robert KOCHARIAN (since 20 March 1997)

cabinet :

Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections:

• president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
• election last held 22 September 1996 (next to be held NA September 2001);
• prime minister appointed by the president

election results:

Levon Akopovich TER-PETROSSIAN elected president; percent of vote - Levon Akopovich TER-PETROSSIAN 52%, Vazgen MANUKYAN 41%

chief of state:

President Heydar ALIYEV (since 18 June 1993)

head of government:

• Prime Minister Artur RASIZADE (since NA November 1996);
• First Deputy Prime Ministers Abbas ABBASOV (since NA), Samed SADYKOV (since NA), Vahid AKHMEDOV (since NA), Elchin EFENDIYEV (since NA)

cabinet:

Council of Ministers appointed by the president and confirmed by the National Assembly

elections:

• president elected by popular vote to a five-year term;
• election last held 3 October 1993 (next to be held NA 1998);
• prime minister and first deputy prime ministers appointed by the president and confirmed by the National Assembly

election results:

Heydar ALIYEV elected president; percent of vote - Heydar ALIYEV 97%

chief of state:

• President Shahabuddin AHMED (since 9 October 1996);
• note - the president's duties are normally ceremonial, but with the 13th amendment to the constitution ("Caretaker Government Amendment"), the president's role becomes significant at times when Parliament is dissolved and a caretaker government is installed - at presidential direction - to supervise the elections

head of government:

Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina WAJED (since 23 June 1996)

cabinet :

Cabinet selected by the prime minister and appointed by the president

elections:

• president elected by National Parliament for a five-year term;
• election last held 24 July 1996 (next to be held by NA October 2001);
• following legislative elections, the leader of the party that wins the most seats is usually appointed prime minister by the president

election results :

Shahabuddin AHMED elected president without opposition; percent of National Parliament vote - NA

chief of state:

King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK (since 24 July 1972); note - the king is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government:

King Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK (since 24 July 1972); note - the king is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet:

Council of Ministers (Lhengye Shungtsog) appointed by the king

note: there is also a Royal Advisory Council (Lodoi Tsokde), members nominated by the king

elections :

none; the king is a hereditary monarch

chief of state:

Queen ELIZABETH II of the UK (since 6 February 1952)

head of government:

• Commissioner David Ross MACLENNAN (since NA 1994);
• Administrator Don CAIRNS (since NA);
• note - both reside in the UK

cabinet:

NA

elections :

• none;
• the queen is a hereditary monarch;
• commissioner and administrator appointed by the queen

chief of state:

President JIANG Zemin (since 27 March 1993) and Vice President RONG Yiren (since 27 March 1993)

head of government:

• Premier LI Peng (acting premier since 24 November 1987, premier since 9 April 1988);
• Vice Premiers ZHU Rongji (since 8 April 1991), ZOU Jiahua (since 8 April 1991), QIAN Qichen (since 29 March 1993), LI Lanqing (29 March 1993), WU Bangguo (since 17 March 1995), and JIANG Chunyun (since 17 March 1995)

cabinet:

State Council appointed by the National People's Congress (NPC)

elections:

• president and vice president elected by the National People's Congress for five-year terms;
• election last held 27 March 1993 (next to be held NA March 1998);
• premier and vice premiers nominated by the president, confirmed by the National People's Congress

election results:

JIANG Zemin elected by the Eighth National People's Congress; percent of National People's Congress vote - NA

chief of state :

• President Eduard Amvrosiyevich SHEVARDNADZE (previously elected chairman of the Government Council 10 March 1992, Council has since been disbanded; previously elected chairman of Parliament 11 October 1992; elected president 5 November 1995);
• note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government:

• President Eduard Amvrosiyevich SHEVARDNADZE (previously elected chairman of the Government Council 10 March 1992, Council has since been disbanded; previously elected chairman of Parliament 11 October 1992; elected president 5 November 1995);
• note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet:

Cabinet of Ministers

elections:

president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 5 November 1995 (next to be held NA April 2001)

election results:

Eduard SHEVARDNADZE elected president; percent of vote - Eduard SHEVARDNADZE 74%

chief of state:

President Shankar Dayal SHARMA (since 25 July 1992); Vice President Kicheril Raman NARAYANAN (since 21 August 1992)

head of government:

Prime Minister I.K. GUJRAL (since 21 April 1997)

cabinet :

Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister

elections:

• president elected by an electoral college consisting of elected members of both houses of Parliament and the legislatures of the states for a five-year term;
• vice president elected by both houses of Parliament;
• prime minister elected by parliamentary members of the majority party following legislative elections

election results:

• Shankar Dayal SHARMA elected president;
• percent of electoral college vote - NA;
• Kicheril Raman NARAYANAN elected vice president;
• percent of Parliament vote - NA;
• I.K. GUJRAL elected prime minister;
• percent of vote - NA

chief of state:

Emperor AKIHITO (since 7 January 1989)

head of government:

• Prime Minister Ryutaro HASHIMOTO (since 11 January 1996);
• note - an acting prime minister - determined upon a rotational basis - serves when Prime Minister HASHIMOTO is out of the country

cabinet:

Cabinet appointed by the prime minister

elections:

• none;
• the emperor is a constitutional monarch;
• the Diet designates the prime minister;
• the constitution requires that the prime minister must command a parliamentary majority, therefore, following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition in the House of Representatives usually becomes prime minister

chief of state:

• President Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV (chairman of the Supreme Soviet from 22 February 1990-91, president since 1 December 1991);
• State Secretary Abish KEKILDAYEV (since 30 October 1996) is second in rank to the president

head of government:

Prime Minister Akezhan KAZHEGELDIN (since 12 October 1994) and First Deputy Prime Minister Akhmetzhan YESIMOV (since 24 October 1996)

cabinet:

Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections :

• president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
• election last held 1 December 1991 (next to be held NA 2000);
• note - President NAZARBAYEV's term was extended to the year 2000 by a nationwide referendum held 30 April 1995;
• state secretary (created by presidential decree) is appointed by the president;
• prime minister and first deputy prime minister appointed by the president

election results:

Nursultan A. NAZARBAYEV elected president without opposition; percent of vote - NA

note: President NAZARBAYEV has expanded his presidential powers by

decree:

only he can initiate constitutional amendments, appoint and dismiss the government, dissolve parliament, call referenda at his discretion, and appoint administrative heads of regions and cities

chief of state:

• KIM Chong-il [de facto];
• note - President KIM Il-song was reelected without opposition 24 May 1990 and died 8 July 1994 leaving his son KIM Chong-il as designated successor;
• however the son has not assumed the titles that his father held and no new elections have been held or scheduled

head of government :

Acting Premier HONG Song-nam (since NA February 1997)

cabinet:

State Administration Council appointed by the Supreme People's Assembly

elections:

premier elected by the Supreme People's Assembly

election results:

HONG Song-nam elected acting premier; percent of Supreme People's Assembly vote - NA

chief of state:

President KIM Yong-sam (since 25 February 1993)

head of government :

Prime Minister KO Kon (since 4 March 1997); Deputy Prime Ministers KANG Kyong-sik (since 5 March 1997) and KWON O-ki (since 20 December 1995)

cabinet:

State Council appointed by the president on the prime minister's recommendation

elections:

• president elected by popular vote for a single five-year term;
• election last held 18 December 1992 (next to be held 18 December 1997);
• prime minister appointed by the president;
• deputy prime ministers appointed by the president on the prime minister's recommendation

election results:

• KIM Yong-sam elected president;
• percent of vote - KIM Yong-sam (DLP) 41.9%,
• KIM Tae-chung (DP) 33.8%,
• CHONG Chu-yong (UPP) 16.3%,
• other 8%

chief of state:

President Askar AKAYEV (since 28 October 1990)

head of government:

Prime Minister Apas JUMAGULOV (since NA December 1993)

cabinet :

Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister

elections:

• president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
• elections last held 24 December 1995 (next to be held NA 2000);
• prime minister appointed by the president

election results :

• Askar AKAYEV elected president;
• percent of vote - Askar AKAYEV 75%;
• note - elections were held early which gave the two opposition candidates little time to campaign;
• AKAYEV may have orchestrated the "deregistration" of two other candidates, one of whom was a major rival

chief of state:

President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM (since 11 November 1978); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government:

President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM (since 11 November 1978); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet:

Ministry of Atolls appointed by the president; note - need not be members of Majilis

elections :

president elected by secret ballot of the Majlis for a five-year term; election last held 1 October 1993 (next to be held NA October 1998)

election results:

President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM reelected; percent of Majlis vote - Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM 92.76%

chief of state :

President Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (since 3 September 1990)

head of government:

Prime Minister Mendsaihan ENHSAIHAN (since 18 July 1996)

cabinet:

Cabinet appointed by the State Great Hural

elections:

• president nominated by parties in the State Great Hural and elected by popular vote for a four-year term;
• election last held 6 June 1993 (next to be held 19 May 1997);
• following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition is usually elected prime minister by the State Great Hural

election results:

• Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT (MNDP and MSDP) reelected president;
• percent of vote - Punsalmaagiyn OCHIRBAT 57.8%, Lodongiyn TUDEV (MPRP) NA%;
• Mendsaihan ENHSAIHAN elected prime minister;
• percent of State Great Hural vote - NA

chief of state:

• King BIRENDRA Bir Bikram Shah Dev (succeeded to the throne 31 January 1972 following the death of his father King MAHENDRA Bir Bikram Shah Dev, crowned king 24 February 1975);
• Heir Apparent Crown Prince DIPENDRA Bir Bikram

head of government:

• Prime Minister Lokendra Bahadur CHAND (since 12 March 1997);
• note - in 1995, the king appointed Sher Bahadur DEUBA to be prime minister;
• DEUBA's parliamentary coalition fell apart when two Nepali Congress Party (NCP) members did not show up at a parliamentary confidence vote;
• a coalition of the Communist Party of Nepal/United Marxist-Leninist (CPN/UML) and the National Democratic Party (NDP) of Prime Minister CHAND was subsequently approved by the king

cabinet:

Cabinet appointed by the king on the recommendation of the prime minister

elections:

• none;
• the king is a constitutional monarch;
• following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition is usually appointed prime minister by the king

chief of state:

President Sardar Farooq LEGHARI (since 13 November 1993)

head of government :

Prime Minister Mohammad Nawaz SHARIF (since 17 February 1997)

cabinet:

Cabinet appointed by the prime minister

elections:

• president elected by Parliament for a five-year term;
• election last held 13 November 1993 (next to be held no later than 14 October 1998);
• following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or leader of a majority coalition is usually elected prime minister by the National Assembly;
• election last held 3 February 1997 (next to be held NA February 2002)

election results:

• Sardar Farooq LEGHARI elected president;
• percent of Parliament vote - NA;
• Mohammad Nawaz SHARIF elected prime minister;
• percent of National Assembly vote - NA

chief of state :

President Boris Nikolayevich YEL'TSIN (since 12 June 1991)

head of government:

Premier and Chairman of the Russian Federation Government Viktor Stepanovich CHERNOMYRDIN (since 14 December 1992), First Deputy Premiers and First Deputy Chairmen of the Government Anatoliy Borisovich CHUBAYS (since NA March 1997), Boris Y. NEMTSOV (since NA March 1997)

cabinet:

Ministries of the Government or "Government" appointed by the president

note: there is also a Presidential Administration that drafts presidential edicts and provides staff and policy support to the entire executive branch; a Security Council that was originally established as a presidential advisory body in June 1991 with responsibility for managing individual and state security; a Defense Council and a Foreign Policy Council formed in July 1996 and October 1996 respectively

elections:

• president elected by popular vote for a four-year term;
• election last held 16 June 1996 with runoff election on 3 July 1996 (next to be held NA June 2000);
• note - no vice president;
• if the president dies in office, cannot exercise his powers because of ill health, is impeached, or resigns, the premier succeeds him;
• the premier serves as acting president until a new presidential election is held, which must be within three months;
• premier and deputy premiers appointed by the president with the approval of the Duma

election results:

Boris Nikolayevich YEL'TSIN elected president; percent of vote in runoff - YEL'TSIN 54%, Gennadiy ZYUGANOV 40%

chief of state:

• President Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA (since 12 November 1994);
• note - Sirimavo BANDARANAIKE is the prime minister;
• in Sri Lanka the president is considered to be both the chief of state and the head of the government, this is in contrast to the more common practice of dividing the roles between the president and the prime minister when both offices exist

head of government:

• President Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA (since 12 November 1994);
• note - Sirimavo BANDARANAIKE is the prime minister;
• in Sri Lanka the president is considered to be both the chief of state and the head of the government, this is in contrast to the more common practice of dividing the roles between the president and the prime minister when both offices exist

cabinet:

Cabinet appointed by the president in consultation with the prime minister

elections :

president elected by popular vote for a six-year term; election last held 9 November 1994 (next to be held NA November 2000)

election results :

• Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA elected president;
• percent of vote - Chandrika Bandaranaike KUMARATUNGA (People's Alliance) 62%, Srima DISSANAYAKE (United National Party) 37%, other 1%

chief of state :

President Emomali RAHMONOV (since 6 November 1994; head of state and Assembly chairman since NA November 1992)

head of government:

Prime Minister Yahyo AZIMOV (since 8 February 1996)

cabinet:

Council of Ministers appointed by the president who proposes them to the Supreme Assembly for approval

elections :

• president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
• election last held 6 November 1994 (next to be held NA 1999);
• prime minister appointed by the president

election results:

Emomali RAHMONOV elected president; percent of vote - Emomali RAHMONOV 58%, Abdumalik ABDULLAJANOV 40%

chief of state:

• President and Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers Saparmurat NIYAZOV (since 27 October 1990, when the first direct presidential election occurred);
• note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government:

• President and Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers Saparmurat NIYAZOV;
• note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government;
• Deputy Chairmen of the Cabinet of Ministers Mukhamed ABALAKOV (since NA), Babamurad BAZAROV (since NA), Dadebaya ANNAGELDIYEV (since NA), Orazgeldy AYDOGDYYEV (since NA), Hudaayguly HALYKOV (since NA), Aleksandr DADONOV (since NA), Pirkuly ODEYEV (since NA), Rejep SAPAROV (since NA), Boris SHIKHMURADOV (since NA), Batyr SARJAYEV (since NA), Ilaman SHYKHYYEV (since NA)

cabinet:

Council of Ministers appointed by the president

note: NIYAZOV has been asked by various local groups, most recently on 26 October 1995 at the annual elders meeting, to be "president for life," but he has declined, saying the status would require an amendment to the constitution

elections :

• president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
• election last held 21 June 1992 (next to be held NA 2002; note - extension of President NIYAZOV's term for an additional five years overwhelmingly approved - 99.9% of total vote in favor - by national referendum held 15 January 1994);
• deputy chairmen of the cabinet of ministers are appointed by the president

election results:

Saparmurad NIYAZOV elected president without opposition; percent of vote - Saparmurad NIYAZOV 99.5%

chief of state:

President Islom KARIMOV (since 24 March 1990, when he was elected president by the then Supreme Soviet)

head of government:

• Prime Minister Utkur SULTONOV (since December 1995);
• First Deputy Prime Minister Ismoil JURABEKOV (since NA);
• First Deputy Prime Minister for Agriculture Qobiljon OBIDOV (since NA);
• Deputy Prime Ministers Viktor CHIZHEN (since NA), Bakhtiyor HAMIDOV (since NA), Kayim HAQQULOV (since NA), Dilbar GHOLOMOVA (since NA), Alisher AZIZKHOJAYEV (since NA), Mirabror USMONOV (since NA), Murat SHARIFKHOJAYEV (since NA), Rustam YUNUSOV (since NA)

cabinet:

Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president with approval of the Supreme Assembly

elections:

• president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
• election last held 29 December 1991 (next to be held NA 2000; note - extension of President KARIMOV's term for an additional four years overwhelmingly approved - 99.6% of total vote in favor - by national referendum held 26 March 1995);
• prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president

election results:

• Islom KARIMOV elected president;
• percent of vote - Islom KARIMOV 86%,
• Mukhammad SOLIKH 12%,
• other 2%

chief of state:

Queen ELIZABETH II of the UK (since 6 February 1952); represented by Governor Alan HOOLE (since 1 November 1995)

head of government:

Chief Minister Hubert HUGHES (since 16 March 1994)

cabinet:

Executive Council appointed by the governor from among the elected members of the House of Assembly

elections:

• none;
• the queen is a hereditary monarch;
• governor appointed by the queen;
• chief minister appointed by the governor from among the members of the House of Assembly

chief of state:

Queen ELIZABETH II of the UK (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General James B. CARLISLE (since NA 1993)

head of government:

Prime Minister Lester Bryant BIRD (since 8 March 1994)

cabinet:

Council of Ministers appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister

elections:

• none;
• the queen is a hereditary monarch;
• governor general chosen by the queen on the advice of the prime minister;
• prime minister appointed by the governor general

chief of state:

Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard of the Netherlands (since 30 April 1980), represented by Governor General Olindo KOOLMAN (since 1 January 1992)

head of government:

Prime Minister Jan (Henny) H. EMAN (since 29 July 1994) and Deputy Prime Minister Glenbert F. CROES

cabinet :

Council of Ministers elected by the Staten

elections:

• the queen is a constitutional monarch;
• governor general appointed for a six-year term by the queen;
• prime minister and deputy prime minister elected by the Staten for a four-year term;
• election last held 29 July 1994 (next to be held by July 1998)

election results :

• Jan (Henny) H. EMAN elected prime minister;
• percent of legislative vote - NA;
• Glenbert F. CROES elected deputy prime minister;
• percent of legislative vote - NA

chief of state:

Queen ELIZABETH II of the UK (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Sir Orville TURNQUEST (since 2 January 1995)

head of government:

Prime Minister Hubert Alexander INGRAHAM (since 19 August 1992) and Deputy Prime Minister Frank WATSON (since December 1994)

cabinet:

Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the prime minister's recommendation

elections :

• none;
• the queen is a hereditary monarch;
• governor general appointed by the queen;
• prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed by the governor general

chief of state:

Queen ELIZABETH II of the UK (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Sir Clifford Straughn HUSBANDS (since 1 June 1996)

head of government :

Prime Minister Owen Seymour ARTHUR (since 6 September 1994); Deputy Prime Minister Billie MILLER (since 6 September 1994)

cabinet:

Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister

elections:

• none;
• the queen is a hereditary monarch;
• governor general appointed by the queen;
• prime minister appointed by the governor general

chief of state:

Queen ELIZABETH II of the UK (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Sir Colville YOUNG (since 17 November 1993)

head of government :

Prime Minister Manuel ESQUIVEL (since July 1993); Deputy Prime Minister Dean BARROW (since NA July 1993)

cabinet:

Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister

elections:

• none;
• the queen is a hereditary monarch;
• governor general appointed by the queen;
• prime minister appointed by the governor general

chief of state:

Queen ELIZABETH II of the UK (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor David MACKILLIGIN (since NA June 1995)

head of government :

Chief Minister Ralph T. O'NEAL (since 15 May 1995; appointed after the death of former Chief Minister H. Lavity STOUTT)

cabinet:

Executive Council appointed by the governor from members of the Legislative Council

elections :

• none;
• the queen is a hereditary monarch;
• governor appointed by the queen;
• chief minister appointed by the governor from among the members of the Legislative Council

chief of state:

Queen ELIZABETH II of the UK (since 6 February 1952)

head of government:

Governor and President of the Executive Council John OWEN (since 15 September 1995)

cabinet:

Executive Council (three members appointed by the governor, four members elected by the Legislative Assembly)

elections :

• none;
• the queen is a hereditary monarch;
• the governor is appointed by the queen

chief of state :

• President Jose Maria FIGUERES Olsen (since 8 May 1994);
• First Vice President Rodrigo OREAMUNO Blanco (since 8 May 1994), Second Vice President Rebeca GRYNSPAN Mayufis (since 8 May 1994);
• note - president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government:

• President Jose Maria FIGUERES Olsen (since 8 May 1994);
• First Vice President Rodrigo OREAMUNO Blanco (since 8 May 1994), Second Vice President Rebeca GRYNSPAN Mayufis (since 8 May 1994);
• note - president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet:

Cabinet selected by the president

elections:

• president and vice presidents elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year terms;
• election last held 6 February 1994 (next to be held NA February 1998)

election results :

Jose Maria FIGUERES Olsen elected president; percent of vote - Jose Maria FIGUERES Olsen (PLN) 49.7%, Miquel Angel RODRIGUEZ (PUSC) 47.5%

chief of state:

President of the Council of State and President of the Council of Ministers Fidel CASTRO Ruz (prime minister from February 1959 until 24 February 1976 when office was abolished; president since 2 December 1976); First Vice President of the Council of State and First Vice President of the Council of Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (since 2 December 1976); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government :

President of the Council of State and President of the Council of Ministers Fidel CASTRO Ruz (prime minister from February 1959 until 24 February 1976 when office was abolished; president since 2 December 1976); First Vice President of the Council of State and First Vice President of the Council of Ministers Gen. Raul CASTRO Ruz (since 2 December 1976); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet:

Council of Ministers proposed by the president of the Council of State, appointed by the National Assembly

note: there is also a Council of State whose members are elected by the National Assembly

elections:

president and vice president elected by the National Assembly; election last held 15 March 1993 (next to be held NA)

election results :

• Fidel CASTRO Ruz elected president;
• percent of legislative vote - NA;
• Raul CASTRO Ruz elected vice president;
• percent of legislative vote - NA

chief of state:

President Crispin Anselm SORHAINDO (since 25 October 1993)

head of government:

Prime Minister Edison C. JAMES (since 12 June 1995)

cabinet :

Cabinet appointed by the president on the advice of the prime minister

elections:

• president elected by the House of Assembly for a five-year term;
• election last held 4 October 1993 (next to be held NA October 1998);
• prime minister appointed by the president

election results :

Crispin Anselm SORHAINDO elected president; percent of legislative vote - NA

chief of state:

• President Leonel FERNANDEZ Reyna (since 16 August 1996);
• Vice President Jaime David FERNANDEZ Mirabal (since 16 August 1996);
• note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government :

• President Leonel FERNANDEZ Reyna (since 16 August 1996);
• Vice President Jaime David FERNANDEZ Mirabal (since 16 August 1996);
• note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet:

Cabinet nominated by the president

elections:

• president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for four-year term;
• election last held 16 May 1996;
• runoff election held 30 June 1996 (next to be held 16 May 2000)

election results:

President FERNANDEZ elected to his first term; percent of vote - Leonel FERNANDEZ (PLD) 51.25%, Jose Francisco PENA Gomez (PRD) 48.75%

chief of state :

• President Armando CALDERON Sol (since 1 June 1994);
• Vice President Enrique BORGO Bustamante (since 1 June 1994);
• note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government:

• President Armando CALDERON Sol (since 1 June 1994);
• Vice President Enrique BORGO Bustamante (since 1 June 1994);
• note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet:

Council of Ministers

elections:

• president and vice president elected on the same ticket by popular vote for five-year terms;
• election last held 20 March 1994, with a run-off election held 24 April 1994 (next to be held NA March 1999)

election results:

• Armando CALDERON Sol elected president;
• percent of vote - Armando CALDERON SOL (ARENA) 49.03%, Ruben ZAMORA Rivas (CD/FMLN/MNR) 24.09%, Fidel CHAVEZ Mena (PDC) 16.39%, other 10.49%;
• because no candidate received a majority, a run-off election was held and the results were as follows - Armando CALDERON SOL (ARENA) 68.35%, Ruben ZAMORA Rivas (CD/FMLN/MNR) 31.65%

chief of state:

Queen ELIZABETH II of the UK (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Daniel WILLIAMS (since 9 August 1996)

head of government:

Prime Minister Keith MITCHELL (since 22 June 1995)

cabinet:

Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister

elections:

• none;
• the queen is a hereditary monarch;
• governor general appointed by the queen;
• prime minister appointed by the governor general from among the members of the House of Assembly

chief of state:

President of France Jacques CHIRAC (since 17 May 1995), represented by Prefect Michel DIEFENBACHER (since NA March 1995)

head of government:

President of the General Council Dominique LARIFLA (since NA); President of the Regional Council Lucette MICHAUX-CHEVRY (since 22 March 1992)

cabinet :

NA

elections:

• prefect appointed by the president of France on the advice of the French Ministry of Interior;
• the presidents of the General and Regional Councils are elected by the members of those councils

election results:

NA

chief of state:

• President Alvaro Enrique ARZU Irigoyen (since 14 January 1996);
• Vice President Luis Alberto FLORES Asturias (since 14 January 1996);
• note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government:

• President Alvaro Enrique ARZU Irigoyen (since 14 January 1996);
• Vice President Luis Alberto FLORES Asturias (since 14 January 1996);
• note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet:

Council of Ministers named by the president

elections:

• president elected by popular vote for a four-year term;
• election last held 12 November 1995;
• runoff held 7 January 1996 (next to be held NA November 2000)

election results :

Alvaro Enrique ARZU Irigoyen elected president; percent of vote - Alvaro Enrique ARZU Irigoyen (PAN) 51.2%, Jorge PORTILLO Cabrera (FRG) 48.8%

chief of state:

President Rene Garcia PREVAL (since 7 February 1996)

head of government:

Prime Minister Rosny SMARTH (since March 1996)

cabinet :

Cabinet; chosen by the prime minister in consultation with the president

elections:

• president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
• election last held 17 December 1995 (next to be held by December 2000);
• prime minister appointed by the president

election results:

• Rene Garcia PREVAL elected president;
• percent of vote - Rene Garcia PREVAL 88%,
• Leon JEUNE 2.5%,
• Victor BENOIT 2.3%

chief of state:

• President Carlos Roberto REINA Idiaquez (since 27 January 1994);
• First Vice President General (Ret.) Walter LOPEZ;
• Second Vice President Juan DE LA CRUZ Avelar;
• Third Vice President Guadeloupe JEREZANO;
• note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

head of government:

• President Carlos Roberto REINA Idiaquez (since 27 January 1994) First Vice President General (Ret.) Walter LOPEZ;
• Second Vice President Juan DE LA CRUZ Avelar;
• Third Vice President Guadeloupe JEREZANO;
• note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

cabinet:

Cabinet

elections:

president elected by popular vote for a four-year term; election last held 28 November 1993 (next to be held NA November 1997)

election results:

• Carlos Roberto REINA Idiaquez elected president;
• percent of vote - Carlos Roberto REINA Idiaquez (PLH) 53%,
• Oswaldo RAMOS Soto (PNH) 41%,
• other 6%

chief of state:

Queen ELIZABETH II of the UK (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Sir Howard Felix COOKE (since 1 August 1991)

head of government:

Prime Minister Percival James PATTERSON (since 30 March 1992) and Deputy Prime Minister Seymour MULLINGS (since NA 1993)

cabinet :

Cabinet appointed by the governor general on the advice of the prime minister

elections:

• none;
• the queen is a hereditary monarch;
• governor general appointed by the queen on the recommendation of the prime minister;
• prime minister and deputy prime minister appointed by the governor general

chief of state:

President of France Jacques CHIRAC (since 17 May 1995); Prefect Jean-Francois CORDET (since NA)

head of government :

President of the General Council Claude LISE (since 22 March 1992); President of the Regional Council Emile CAPGRAS (since 22 March 1992)

cabinet:

NA

elections:

• prefect appointed by the president of France on the advice of the French Ministry of Interior;
• the presidents of the General and Regional Councils are elected by the members of those councils

chief of state:

Queen ELIZABETH II of the UK (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor Frank J. SAVAGE (since NA February 1993)

head of government :

Chief Minister Bertrand OSBORNE (since 13 November 1996)

cabinet:

Executive Council consists of the governor, the chief minister, three other ministries, the attorney general, and the finance secretary

elections:

• the queen is a hereditary monarch;
• governor appointed by the queen;
• following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party usually becomes chief minister;
• note: as a result of the last election, a coalition party was formed between NPP, NDP, and one of the independent candidates

chief of state:

Queen BEATRIX Wilhelmina Armgard of the Netherlands (since 30 April 1980), represented by Governor General Jaime SALEH (since NA October 1989)

head of government:

Prime Minister Miguel POURIER (since 25 February 1994)

cabinet:

Council of Ministers elected by the Staten

elections:

• the queen is a constitutional monarch;
• governor general appointed by the queen for a six-year term;
• following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party is usually elected prime minister by the Staten;
• election last held 31 March 1994 (next to be held NA 1998)

election results:

Miguel POURIER elected prime minister; percent of legislative vote - NA

chief of state:

President Arnoldo ALEMAN Lacayo (10 January 1997); Vice President Enrique BOLANOS Geyer (10 January 1997)

head of government:

President Arnoldo ALEMAN Lacayo (10 January 1997); Vice President Enrique BOLANOS Geyer (10 January 1997)

cabinet:

Cabinet

elections:

• president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
• election last held 20 October 1996 (next to be held NA 2001);
• note - in July 1995 the term of the office of the president was amended to five years

election results:

Arnoldo ALEMAN Lacayo (Liberal Alliance) 51.03%

Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra (FSLN) 37.75%

• Arnoldo ALEMAN Lacayo (Liberal Alliance) 51.03%,
• Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra (FSLN) 37.75%,
• Guillermo OSORNO (Nicaraguan Christian Path - CNN) 4.10%,
• Noel VIDAURRE (Nicaraguan Conservative Party - PCN) 2.26%,
• Benjamin LANZAS (National Project) 0.53%,
• others (18 other candidates) remaining 4.33%